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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old8 u4 `2 O2 I% d1 M+ M8 f
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
' l2 W& C$ ^9 F1 C2 I* o+ s$ }Exposure to Testosterone
5 H1 J' u$ j, V7 T7 {) R" WSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
: E8 w; d7 B; `6 vand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1; ]5 k+ y3 {- I- k
Clinical Pediatrics( X3 U6 D$ m: s6 M( t
Volume 46 Number 6
/ o/ k. a& X- d% q8 k( S' wJuly 2007 540-543
, O9 Y) l+ U, X) f- [$ \! d© 2007 Sage Publications/ F) S% I( J- J8 D" `% O7 F
10.1177/0009922806296651- N8 L/ V0 v. Y- b- L7 m' G, w5 n
http://clp.sagepub.com
2 g+ n5 X2 E/ |8 Jhosted at7 |4 m# h0 B+ F, F: [3 @
http://online.sagepub.com1 ?# K) `, K4 ]' k5 W& h
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
! b. _' g/ {8 V D Cis a significant concern for physicians. Central
, a8 |8 k' L6 X! t$ |precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated" A+ E7 t& z1 E7 m7 f
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
7 q" c+ R1 d! Za higher incidence of organic central nervous system& N5 e! s) I% V3 a7 y8 l
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
3 Y% o8 t+ b; N6 ^by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic" ]1 O3 v/ G* A9 d- t9 w4 h
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
8 R" F5 u- v% ^8 v/ l9 ?: Vcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We# h( K1 t+ k6 }8 ^
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
0 ]; p3 y7 L5 Renlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
: }* O, a+ i; `/ hment without testicular enlargement, which was due
: h- A8 B2 p% ]9 E0 q8 Y% |5 Sto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
4 M n. y7 {5 {7 F' mthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
. M3 T( _2 @3 Y$ Umation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
# e8 l2 f1 b$ ]2 v# Rchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of9 F( F0 {) s0 }/ _- W2 Q2 W
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-$ Z* L4 v( H4 x3 ^
bly more common than the rare case report in the
( J4 O6 F8 M, F# R, k0 q$ ^literature.44 n% J, ?0 @) s' ?9 @" d
Patient Report) a5 ~- ~: j: F; ^: I) ~7 @
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
w. S' u) r5 {9 T$ _& U2 n/ N. pendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern9 B: Q9 I+ B! q0 P
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
2 b* x) q' k! _7 g8 n. w6 Flight colored pubic hair development when he was$ \' b# g! F5 o+ z7 F8 F @
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
- C4 R' ?# @9 l- }5 Q2 z0 ]8 y* ESouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
0 Z V/ _* j% m. W$ i9 c1 ?Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,. o; P$ a4 d) \0 P9 U4 j. H1 f
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of3 W4 Q. p/ i4 H- B
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;) ]) Z; H( m, V0 p. T6 e
e-mail: [email protected].
' g( c3 e5 b7 U; z: {8 k; E1 babout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
% K6 g7 G, L7 ydarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-/ j6 Q4 y- v- W. V2 b, p+ }
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child. {3 R/ h: i% @1 d; ^( _0 B
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with( |4 z' q5 v$ |5 a( e! F
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of! {; t |, _/ q) Z
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
- k6 B E, m1 `3 aof life and was still receiving breast milk along with) x8 D6 e9 ?) o' |
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
+ d& A% S' H3 T Dand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
8 t2 X# n4 g1 u* R3 Awas age appropriate.) y5 `6 l: B$ P
The family history was remarkable for the father,
+ V0 s0 s, j* Y% ]( _( Ewho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
% z" f9 u+ X: H6 awhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s6 c+ i j3 i7 a; W' ^
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat X% c" H% u1 m& Q& e# Y- S5 }
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
6 ?5 k6 N# ^0 |The father denied taking any other medication. The
: U: M' l" k, A+ qchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
. E5 e3 @# a7 A5 M* @' ?was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
2 X. o) }5 E& M1 {6 j4 r( r5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-' s- @1 A2 a0 q* z# q: s
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
+ j u7 i3 X2 C0 ktives. There were no siblings.
, c+ Y. y1 _/ a; hPhysical Examination$ u; p- v0 S/ [! l! _; O
The physical examination revealed a very active,* y1 b+ a1 I* x$ |
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
) r$ F- }4 w3 |4 va blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was6 H/ F5 T! Y+ ~ c& w) g$ m
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg! ?: ^$ t; `# y; d. S
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
% j8 [, C" w" O: jvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
/ X( Q# m! ^& Dthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.1 f9 L& J; S: d- B/ ?
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for, P7 l4 @$ t$ P+ V
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of% Y+ P- V1 Q& h2 o' p. g9 O
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well5 K; U2 |( G f' y8 v, K% n
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
9 ~ D% q- W M0 D8 R540
/ o [! x; l. H# R* @: J0 `at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
: V% w" ]2 |: F" ythe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
' P6 P1 {3 _# k# h) x9 \$ o2 Etesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.8 s* @6 j' i$ ?! f
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
2 C9 G$ l. l0 I5 U" J9 \; Woily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no. B9 F! `- o2 Y5 Y. H
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
- N1 t8 t7 j. [- J- O8 F6 B: w4 J5 VNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
4 Y$ y; x$ D- O8 P2 T6 obilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion! Z; I" {8 L2 Q& t1 `$ o2 E4 R+ H) @
of papilledema.
0 X, j2 \" ]/ }! v# G. vLaboratory Evaluation
5 I# I3 P+ @$ R7 @2 H* C# X7 FThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
. J0 x* }+ {0 l7 _, H: r p9 musing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-7 U* V, x& ]( u" V
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
4 Q, ^7 X' ~1 r, M) P4 mkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
j1 S2 n+ g0 Q$ H+ Z; i' Ishowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-1 A' ^ \; H. c2 R' J5 k$ X( M
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
4 ~/ L9 r" d& pThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
9 R+ [8 ]4 W5 l3 B/ h" z6 nurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were+ Q" O. Z- j0 k/ Z
within normal range for his age. The concentration6 v) F+ X- W5 M! T! _1 x% U1 F
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL$ H/ l/ ?7 v4 u. A* l4 n) I( Y
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20$ [+ N" w! A/ L; R7 a+ N
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
# V& ~9 t, G# a5 c/ [* cterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
1 }0 z! C8 H& X& n4 q6 B3 Fdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to( u0 z& J: i2 U& }* b! o
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)" A( H) }2 p' v2 ^
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
3 w, t4 z- S# x8 ^6 f% x. j6 I& ttisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
1 M0 x& Q h9 mtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),* q8 o6 l4 e) z5 a# i: y* \& G
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
; |* ^+ m& m0 u& d- Z5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular7 t* ` p6 d/ T5 Y3 N
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone5 h+ _* h" u o. ]) v
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
$ B1 M4 q$ b- r/ F% W# n(prepubertal)., c1 u# g: q) `0 I0 I
The parents were notified about the laboratory
# z( O5 V0 e1 K9 R0 h- y/ K2 qresults and were informed that all of the tests were
3 N) L5 U% J1 Dnormal except the testosterone level was high. The5 e2 P) G/ ?9 _3 v! k# w5 s
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to( `8 j5 X0 r, A$ d; B9 z
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
7 { o7 F* o$ k' q% S% A$ z0 }8 `ever, the family did not return for 4 months.) R* i$ v. ?% D) b) v) w
Physical examination at this time revealed that the* w* @& f! X$ i* Q$ S8 G$ _
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained M2 F1 h$ Q& G5 O- _9 N
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
0 o3 t4 v2 h4 X- w) Punchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
: y0 E5 U7 y! @' z& _pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at# ^: }3 P0 E, y# |) K
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 23 C# g" {) o" Z' c4 j9 Y& ?; h
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
# A* U" p( b/ iThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-( I( W. {$ U- Z3 q- b
ing frequent erections.
l* J4 D, Z1 d. e. l& K0 NBoth parents were again questioned about use of1 {4 s% o, p! x0 Z2 t# q; y- c
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
5 `) n/ U4 t8 k% U4 u" O" Ithe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the/ \ U) |2 n8 J# C! m, ?. Z. p
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
. e a5 d2 L" E6 guse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
/ k- F( W6 [: ying over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
; p- r) }# V' ?6 Qa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed$ _$ r1 u6 i" R$ O
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
8 u# V" @2 q7 e- B/ G' E9 `scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
0 ^) V- m( I- a* b% \secondary to depression.7 ?$ k" K7 _- ^
The child slept in the same bed with parents.$ ^) U N4 M" J8 h- M
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
$ R# D; h. w. q. g4 w& }) Mchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-. X6 `7 b$ r2 j5 A3 h
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.. S! K& t* | e6 T2 p. F
The father also admitted that after the phone call,+ w3 L4 l8 }4 w9 {* _/ e
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
" b1 Z0 u+ h' k3 Y% Wwas high, he then read the product information. O! o. X2 R+ H. v8 R* q- @
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
7 q1 E8 |/ }) Y: w h0 A3 X/ ^son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they' l/ F0 B# P/ n" w' h$ t" i6 `
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
9 H$ Q) \: {% j$ l4 w. ^0 Kfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
! m2 d# l2 Z+ f) S5 |- Sbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
$ O- r2 r0 z, l2 z6 ntest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
; R0 _; G- s* T5 [1 f$ rlaboratory to obtain the test.
) H5 m3 l! [; \, aDiscussion
/ p2 d8 ~- v& Q3 D |Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary+ Z1 E0 Y! n* n. [
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,47 a" f% S! _" R! n, T8 c* ?' K
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
' z, ^) d# ?1 [: c+ E! b Lit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
" Y. U6 [+ f6 Gthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-: E0 U0 e" L# V& m( ^ t, j
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP& y7 l& @0 I- S& L
may have a central nervous system lesion that is2 K5 _4 |7 I& n, I
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-5 S% | ^2 O5 H( ^
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
3 U j/ e+ a! L; }( Csis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in' r' ` U( b! `& B/ {/ s
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
5 V0 t8 I) b8 x; A+ bization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-$ F4 L/ S+ {' _' V/ s
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
0 S( }2 a+ r+ F/ N. @( Y9 r Zgonadotropins.1,3
9 R. ]: {: A: Q* s& O. RGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
2 B7 r# q* s5 f: pcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
$ h- O1 F* R. ]7 Wandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or1 A# v) K0 `& Y- g/ A; P
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
; T7 a6 ^* S. c' ?1 J* L% Zulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing/ Q2 v2 [8 [6 @# b: b
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive7 i& T: u/ Z, [0 A' C8 j; {9 F& `
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
/ h4 E/ Q0 W* W6 O" xpuberty in boys.3,4
3 f/ s0 Z: G: }: D! _The most common form of congenital adrenal% t& E. z" ~* z" P- `
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
, M" G" E9 w8 A, M+ XThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
; g; a( ~- ^$ z2 ~- L& i' o. aexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,$ |# x S2 r: L: ?, u! L9 G8 y
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen& H1 Z1 a) L9 G& Q, s- Q
excess.1,3
" d3 s ~% N# S, V% ^, `! H4 xat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
8 ~3 j) g) k; C+ e) e542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
' q" M: p- ] _! G9 j. \2 cA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-9 G- B3 O, T+ v l) X
independent precocious puberty, which is also known6 j+ o4 W+ Q0 p3 j# o% i
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a9 A; }8 S' l- Z# ? q7 R
very young age. The physical findings in these boys9 B/ w+ v6 R& B. [: D, Y E$ n
with this disorder are full pubertal development,5 w3 w! D5 G3 t$ E0 k0 [+ ~
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys# c* M8 l/ T |' }' c' L& T' _
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
4 a, U: N# [- e( e, F' v% V# nare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show1 Q! T+ [ F7 f) V+ ]6 ~
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-& i* X* w" y7 ?. V( D, ~' R
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
$ h9 S( ]/ A" Eautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
' \3 m) l0 J" a5 a* w7 Nmales; therefore, other male members of the family
3 Z2 }( L) t1 _% d" E( _9 rmay have similar precocious puberty.3
! ?6 S1 `* e# N' c, Y8 bIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
" x# Q& J+ {, j5 q/ ksistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-3 J6 n/ e" f, z c
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis/ N" d- J" j0 G+ D) N5 h5 v& o
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
% L9 E& V" c/ M2 kstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
* P) }; T" p$ \' j* btesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
; N+ z' u* b6 C: P& R0 Fbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
: |+ O+ b8 `3 v4 B7 x9 Vative initial history of androgen exposure, our+ m1 m' ~$ a' b6 ^. S+ `. \7 q" Q4 G3 v0 P
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,4 Z; x7 y2 e( a
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
; k4 R c/ U5 Ddeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-8 q2 M' R/ v) o* b& U# h: e
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
% z6 ]; E; I- o: K0 ?The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
' f2 |3 Q/ q) ], ]# R! C. gsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
# L! E1 k7 a: ^: [: x) Gthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-7 d& ~7 I3 K3 G v+ t+ x
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
9 B9 e- S) X3 M1 [: G. C: e7 {decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-2 W+ k2 [+ s8 R! E+ o! H
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was2 b6 V+ p7 A1 E
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
1 o$ s O7 X. a6 v9 hDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or) [3 W% b2 ~4 g
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to0 _1 Q; G8 {* Q& v) Q! p, j
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
# d, @4 Y. A* e8 [' i1 G: GSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
8 f+ A2 k8 t# e2 u. B1 N1 {% Ibaseline value in those females who were exposed to& Z4 y# e) F9 S
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
9 |, Y/ |4 y; T: [6 I1 dpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
. M# [; X5 ?9 v/ K# r: a# M Jtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
; D) r/ u/ t& BOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
) S$ j; r6 B3 D6 S. K3 d9 iwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
" N/ }0 |7 n# g/ G- w/ jdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
* R x( O ~0 y& P: ?/ p* vterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
: n1 {% K: o% I1 f6 K9 oactive in young children exposed to testosterone
. a S7 X" n [4 M: b( hexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-/ N1 S+ B6 C5 J: }, N9 i
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to3 R0 O% g- @5 m, ~% h+ ]9 Y- l4 t
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
j% E( M* t/ { y8 [6 lchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
+ f- h: r8 X- J9 b4 y- n! u) yadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
4 {" a3 S$ P+ @. O( B2 d' K' \The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
( O- a. x, k4 q0 D8 O( {early childhood on pubertal development and final: Y l% Q, o- `6 Z
adult height are not fully known and always remain4 `" G& w% O8 E& M
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
% K. \ ?* a, f0 ]& b; J9 W( o$ _terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
- m2 K/ q! C. k7 |acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
8 p9 x; j9 L1 p2 Y9 H, q% _cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
' m6 p @2 h0 L- z+ s$ w9 I* H0 z6 K1 Xdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
Z: u4 \3 O! s7 [, R+ K! G. hThere are conflicting reports and controversy
1 Z7 O. {3 p6 n# Fover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult4 s+ m% B! B3 S8 j0 F! Y/ I
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal* v% |, P. L$ A; t- s
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
8 D& |$ r5 h+ uulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However, w$ c* w, b! B9 U
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between* k9 q+ \7 ]" v2 H L2 M
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult2 r6 ^5 @$ L r1 \8 V4 l' \
penile length in clinical studies.+ z9 k2 I' ^& x! j( D8 O
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
% y! O. q, X5 h9 Z2 V1 Dgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from! c7 e P. e) w5 Z+ c; s
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
- G" m: d! B3 l) L2 Y/ athe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.0 `) H# L; `% `' G- a. U
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
$ [2 N# v& v& w6 K* ]diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
% C: ^* u% B0 M8 {the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult1 n. E' C% D; u: N% F8 i
height will not be affected./ b4 l+ L* _- ?+ O1 U" R
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-6 T, ?# r. \& P
ability of androgen products in our society may
' k2 V. k; K4 g9 a2 r5 L6 E6 Findeed cause more virilization in male or female
Y) B( e- K! r4 K' _- A. E9 S3 Ochildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
; k2 ~. [$ B4 M# I* S# O# L) Rgen products must be considered and specific ques-
+ H2 r) n K, I* Ktioning about the use of a testosterone product or
; Q0 {3 \0 r; u- h( j/ Tgel should be asked of the family members during) o6 a% {- V2 ]- R
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
5 x- u) D& T" [2 |2 F- P9 Milization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-$ d% v$ ~& X* c( X% \$ S
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by+ z9 ~5 [0 g: H" _7 P* m
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
& |5 w& o h/ I) p( A- khistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may& l9 Y7 ?; A$ @7 o: {4 T
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
2 [* L% D! r5 minvestigation. The primary care physician should be
. b4 z4 o# J F+ aaware of this fact, because most of these children W1 Z0 i5 Y# |( M8 \' ^3 z7 `' l ~
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’; i6 V& p4 B2 N$ }, H+ T5 L; X
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
6 I- Z8 ]' |1 Z' S7 \3 d9 gwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
`, k) F& N, n% b& E9 ifemale child who might come in contact with some-* b1 @ s4 X2 }' L% ]* S9 J2 y1 J: A
one using any of these products.
$ y9 O4 k, }6 g9 S( q: MReferences6 U. H$ T4 I( Z* i
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation X! ?% ]" |- ^( ]; O2 } k
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
$ o- n- v; }4 z& D, O- l$ s& {2 IEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;: X% A/ C( A0 W7 X# P/ ~) H
2002: 565-628.# V1 ?! K+ K) V v
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious* e# p% X8 N f9 I
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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