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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old8 u4 `2 O2 I% d1 M+ M8 f
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
' l2 W& C$ ^9 F1 C2 I* o+ s$ }Exposure to Testosterone
5 H1 J' u$ j, V7 T7 {) R" WSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
: E8 w; d7 B; `6 vand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1; ]5 k+ y3 {- I- k
Clinical Pediatrics( X3 U6 D$ m: s6 M( t
Volume 46 Number 6
/ o/ k. a& X- d% q8 k( S' wJuly 2007 540-543
, O9 Y) l+ U, X) f- [$ \! d© 2007 Sage Publications/ F) S% I( J- J8 D" `% O7 F
10.1177/0009922806296651- N8 L/ V0 v. Y- b- L7 m' G, w5 n
http://clp.sagepub.com
2 g+ n5 X2 E/ |8 Jhosted at7 |4 m# h0 B+ F, F: [3 @
http://online.sagepub.com1 ?# K) `, K4 ]' k5 W& h
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
! b. _' g/ {8 V  D  Cis a significant concern for physicians. Central
, a8 |8 k' L6 X! t$ |precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated" A+ E7 t& z1 E7 m7 f
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
7 q" c+ R1 d! Za higher incidence of organic central nervous system& N5 e! s) I% V3 a7 y8 l
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
3 Y% o8 t+ b; N6 ^by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic" ]1 O3 v/ G* A9 d- t9 w4 h
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
8 R" F5 u- v% ^8 v/ l9 ?: Vcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We# h( K1 t+ k6 }8 ^
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
0 ]; p3 y7 L5 Renlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
: }* O, a+ i; `/ hment without testicular enlargement, which was due
: h- A8 B2 p% ]9 E0 q8 Y% |5 Sto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
4 M  n. y7 {5 {7 F' mthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
. M3 T( _2 @3 Y$ Umation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
# e8 l2 f1 b$ ]2 v# Rchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of9 F( F0 {) s0 }/ _- W2 Q2 W
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-$ Z* L4 v( H4 x3 ^
bly more common than the rare case report in the
( J4 O6 F8 M, F# R, k0 q$ ^literature.44 n% J, ?0 @) s' ?9 @" d
Patient Report) a5 ~- ~: j: F; ^: I) ~7 @
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
  w. S' u) r5 {9 T$ _& U2 n/ N. pendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern9 B: Q9 I+ B! q0 P
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
2 b* x) q' k! _7 g8 n. w6 Flight colored pubic hair development when he was$ \' b# g! F5 o+ z7 F8 F  @
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
- C4 R' ?# @9 l- }5 Q2 z0 ]8 y* ESouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
0 Z  V/ _* j% m. W$ i9 c1 ?Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,. o; P$ a4 d) \0 P9 U4 j. H1 f
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of3 W4 Q. p/ i4 H- B
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;) ]) Z; H( m, V0 p. T6 e
e-mail: [email protected].
' g( c3 e5 b7 U; z: {8 k; E1 babout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
% K6 g7 G, L7 ydarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-/ j6 Q4 y- v- W. V2 b, p+ }
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child. {3 R/ h: i% @1 d; ^( _0 B
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with( |4 z' q5 v$ |5 a( e! F
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of! {; t  |, _/ q) Z
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
- k6 B  E, m1 `3 aof life and was still receiving breast milk along with) x8 D6 e9 ?) o' |
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
+ d& A% S' H3 T  Dand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
8 t2 X# n4 g1 u* R3 Awas age appropriate.) y5 `6 l: B$ P
The family history was remarkable for the father,
+ V0 s0 s, j* Y% ]( _( Ewho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
% z" f9 u+ X: H6 awhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s6 c+ i  j3 i7 a; W' ^
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat  X% c" H% u1 m& Q& e# Y- S5 }
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
6 ?5 k6 N# ^0 |The father denied taking any other medication. The
: U: M' l" k, A+ qchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
. E5 e3 @# a7 A5 M* @' ?was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
2 X. o) }5 E& M1 {6 j4 r( r5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-' s- @1 A2 a0 q* z# q: s
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
+ j  u7 i3 X2 C0 ktives. There were no siblings.
, c+ Y. y1 _/ a; hPhysical Examination$ u; p- v0 S/ [! l! _; O
The physical examination revealed a very active,* y1 b+ a1 I* x$ |
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
) r$ F- }4 w3 |4 va blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was6 H/ F5 T! Y+ ~  c& w) g$ m
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg! ?: ^$ t; `# y; d. S
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
% j8 [, C" w" O: jvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
/ X( Q# m! ^& Dthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.1 f9 L& J; S: d- B/ ?
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for, P7 l4 @$ t$ P+ V
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of% Y+ P- V1 Q& h2 o' p. g9 O
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well5 K; U2 |( G  f' y8 v, K% n
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
9 ~  D% q- W  M0 D8 R540
/ o  [! x; l. H# R* @: J0 `at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
: V% w" ]2 |: F" ythe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
' P6 P1 {3 _# k# h) x9 \$ o2 Etesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.8 s* @6 j' i$ ?! f
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
2 C9 G$ l. l0 I5 U" J9 \; Woily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no. B9 F! `- o2 Y5 Y. H
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
- N1 t8 t7 j. [- J- O8 F6 B: w4 J5 VNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
4 Y$ y; x$ D- O8 P2 T6 obilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion! Z; I" {8 L2 Q& t1 `$ o2 E4 R+ H) @
of papilledema.
0 X, j2 \" ]/ }! v# G. vLaboratory Evaluation
5 I# I3 P+ @$ R7 @2 H* C# X7 FThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
. J0 x* }+ {0 l7 _, H: r  p9 musing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-7 U* V, x& ]( u" V
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
4 Q, ^7 X' ~1 r, M) P4 mkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
  j1 S2 n+ g0 Q$ H+ Z; i' Ishowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-1 A' ^  \; H. c2 R' J5 k$ X( M
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
4 ~/ L9 r" d& pThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
9 R+ [8 ]4 W5 l3 B/ h" z6 nurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were+ Q" O. Z- j0 k/ Z
within normal range for his age. The concentration6 v) F+ X- W5 M! T! _1 x% U1 F
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL$ H/ l/ ?7 v4 u. A* l4 n) I( Y
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20$ [+ N" w! A/ L; R7 a+ N
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
# V& ~9 t, G# a5 c/ [* cterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
1 }0 z! C8 H& X& n4 q6 B3 Fdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to( u0 z& J: i2 U& }* b! o
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)" A( H) }2 p' v2 ^
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
3 w, t4 z- S# x8 ^6 f% x. j6 I& ttisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
1 M0 x& Q  h9 mtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),* q8 o6 l4 e) z5 a# i: y* \& G
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
; |* ^+ m& m0 u& d- Z5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular7 t* `  p6 d/ T5 Y3 N
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone5 h+ _* h" u  o. ]) v
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
$ B1 M4 q$ b- r/ F% W# n(prepubertal)., c1 u# g: q) `0 I0 I
The parents were notified about the laboratory
# z( O5 V0 e1 K9 R0 h- y/ K2 qresults and were informed that all of the tests were
3 N) L5 U% J1 Dnormal except the testosterone level was high. The5 e2 P) G/ ?9 _3 v! k# w5 s
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to( `8 j5 X0 r, A$ d; B9 z
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
7 {  o7 F* o$ k' q% S% A$ z0 }8 `ever, the family did not return for 4 months.) R* i$ v. ?% D) b) v) w
Physical examination at this time revealed that the* w* @& f! X$ i* Q$ S8 G$ _
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained  M2 F1 h$ Q& G5 O- _9 N
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
0 o3 t4 v2 h4 X- w) Punchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
: y0 E5 U7 y! @' z& _pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at# ^: }3 P0 E, y# |) K
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 23 C# g" {) o" Z' c4 j9 Y& ?; h
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
# A* U" p( b/ iThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-( I( W. {$ U- Z3 q- b
ing frequent erections.
  l* J4 D, Z1 d. e. l& K0 NBoth parents were again questioned about use of1 {4 s% o, p! x0 Z2 t# q; y- c
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
5 `) n/ U4 t8 k% U4 u" O" Ithe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the/ \  U) |2 n8 J# C! m, ?. Z. p
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
. e  a5 d2 L" E6 guse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
/ k- F( W6 [: ying over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
; p- r) }# V' ?6 Qa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed$ _$ r1 u6 i" R$ O
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
8 u# V" @2 q7 e- B/ G' E9 `scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
0 ^) V- m( I- a* b% \secondary to depression.7 ?$ k" K7 _- ^
The child slept in the same bed with parents.$ ^) U  N4 M" J8 h- M
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
$ R# D; h. w. q. g4 w& }) Mchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-. X6 `7 b$ r2 j5 A3 h
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.. S! K& t* |  e6 T2 p. F
The father also admitted that after the phone call,+ w3 L4 l8 }4 w9 {* _/ e
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
" b1 Z0 u+ h' k3 Y% Wwas high, he then read the product information. O! o. X2 R+ H. v8 R* q- @
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
7 q1 E8 |/ }) Y: w  h0 A3 X/ ^son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they' l/ F0 B# P/ n" w' h$ t" i6 `
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
9 H$ Q) \: {% j$ l4 w. ^0 Kfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
! m2 d# l2 Z+ f) S5 |- Sbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
$ O- r2 r0 z, l2 z6 ntest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
; R0 _; G- s* T5 [1 f$ rlaboratory to obtain the test.
) H5 m3 l! [; \, aDiscussion
/ p2 d8 ~- v& Q3 D  |Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary+ Z1 E0 Y! n* n. [
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,47 a" f% S! _" R! n, T8 c* ?' K
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
' z, ^) d# ?1 [: c+ E! b  Lit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
" Y. U6 [+ f6 Gthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-: E0 U0 e" L# V& m( ^  t, j
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP& y7 l& @0 I- S& L
may have a central nervous system lesion that is2 K5 _4 |7 I& n, I
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-5 S% |  ^2 O5 H( ^
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
3 U  j/ e+ a! L; }( Csis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in' r' `  U( b! `& B/ {/ s
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
5 V0 t8 I) b8 x; A+ bization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-$ F4 L/ S+ {' _' V/ s
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
0 S( }2 a+ r+ F/ N. @( Y9 r  Zgonadotropins.1,3
9 R. ]: {: A: Q* s& O. RGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
2 B7 r# q* s5 f: pcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
$ h- O1 F* R. ]7 Wandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or1 A# v) K0 `& Y- g/ A; P
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
; T7 a6 ^* S. c' ?1 J* L% Zulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing/ Q2 v2 [8 [6 @# b: b
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive7 i& T: u/ Z, [0 A' C8 j; {9 F& `
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
/ h4 E/ Q0 W* W6 O" xpuberty in boys.3,4
3 f/ s0 Z: G: }: D! _The most common form of congenital adrenal% t& E. z" ~* z" P- `
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
, M" G" E9 w8 A, M+ XThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
; g; a( ~- ^$ z2 ~- L& i' o. aexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,$ |# x  S2 r: L: ?, u! L9 G8 y
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen& H1 Z1 a) L9 G& Q, s- Q
excess.1,3
" d3 s  ~% N# S, V% ^, `! H4 xat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
8 ~3 j) g) k; C+ e) e542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
' q" M: p- ]  _! G9 j. \2 cA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-9 G- B3 O, T+ v  l) X
independent precocious puberty, which is also known6 j+ o4 W+ Q0 p3 j# o% i
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a9 A; }8 S' l- Z# ?  q7 R
very young age. The physical findings in these boys9 B/ w+ v6 R& B. [: D, Y  E$ n
with this disorder are full pubertal development,5 w3 w! D5 G3 t$ E0 k0 [+ ~
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys# c* M8 l/ T  |' }' c' L& T' _
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
4 a, U: N# [- e( e, F' v% V# nare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show1 Q! T+ [  F7 f) V+ ]6 ~
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-& i* X* w" y7 ?. V( D, ~' R
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
$ h9 S( ]/ A" Eautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
' \3 m) l0 J" a5 a* w7 Nmales; therefore, other male members of the family
3 Z2 }( L) t1 _% d" E( _9 rmay have similar precocious puberty.3
! ?6 S1 `* e# N' c, Y8 bIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
" x# Q& J+ {, j5 q/ ksistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-3 J6 n/ e" f, z  c
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis/ N" d- J" j0 G+ D) N5 h5 v& o
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
% L9 E& V" c/ M2 kstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
* P) }; T" p$ \' j* btesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
; N+ z' u* b6 C: P& R0 Fbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
: |+ O+ b8 `3 v4 B7 x9 Vative initial history of androgen exposure, our+ m1 m' ~$ a' b6 ^. S+ `. \7 q" Q4 G3 v0 P
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,4 Z; x7 y2 e( a
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
; k4 R  c/ U5 Ddeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-8 q2 M' R/ v) o* b& U# h: e
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
% z6 ]; E; I- o: K0 ?The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
' f2 |3 Q/ q) ], ]# R! C. gsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
# L! E1 k7 a: ^: [: x) Gthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-7 d& ~7 I3 K3 G  v+ t+ x
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
9 B9 e- S) X3 M1 [: G. C: e7 {decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-2 W+ k2 [+ s8 R! E+ o! H
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was2 b6 V+ p7 A1 E
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
1 o$ s  O7 X. a6 v9 hDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or) [3 W% b2 ~4 g
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to0 _1 Q; G8 {* Q& v) Q! p, j
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
# d, @4 Y. A* e8 [' i1 G: GSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
8 f+ A2 k8 t# e2 u. B1 N1 {% Ibaseline value in those females who were exposed to& Z4 y# e) F9 S
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
9 |, Y/ |4 y; T: [6 I1 dpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
. M# [; X5 ?9 v/ K# r: a# M  Jtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
; D) r/ u/ t& BOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
) S$ j; r6 B3 D6 S. K3 d9 iwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
" N/ }0 |7 n# g/ G- w/ jdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
* R  x( O  ~0 y& P: ?/ p* vterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
: n1 {% K: o% I1 f6 K9 oactive in young children exposed to testosterone
. a  S7 X" n  [4 M: b( hexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-/ N1 S+ B6 C5 J: }, N9 i
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to3 R0 O% g- @5 m, ~% h+ ]9 Y- l4 t
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
  j% E( M* t/ {  y8 [6 lchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
+ f- h: r8 X- J9 b4 y- n! u) yadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
4 {" a3 S$ P+ @. O( B2 d' K' \The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
( O- a. x, k4 q0 D8 O( {early childhood on pubertal development and final: Y  l% Q, o- `6 Z
adult height are not fully known and always remain4 `" G& w% O8 E& M
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
% K. \  ?* a, f0 ]& b; J9 W( o$ _terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
- m2 K/ q! C. k7 |acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
8 p9 x; j9 L1 p2 Y9 H, q% _cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
' m6 p  @2 h0 L- z+ s$ w9 I* H0 z6 K1 Xdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
  Z: u4 \3 O! s7 [, R+ K! G. hThere are conflicting reports and controversy
1 Z7 O. {3 p6 n# Fover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult4 s+ m% B! B3 S8 j0 F! Y/ I
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal* v% |, P. L$ A; t- s
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
8 D& |$ r5 h+ uulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,  w$ c* w, b! B9 U
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between* k9 q+ \7 ]" v2 H  L2 M
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult2 r6 ^5 @$ L  r1 \8 V4 l' \
penile length in clinical studies.+ z9 k2 I' ^& x! j( D8 O
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
% y! O. q, X5 h9 Z2 V1 Dgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from! c7 e  P. e) w5 Z+ c; s
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
- G" m: d! B3 l) L2 Y/ athe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.0 `) H# L; `% `' G- a. U
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
$ [2 N# v& v& w6 K* ]diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
% C: ^* u% B0 M8 {the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult1 n. E' C% D; u: N% F8 i
height will not be affected./ b4 l+ L* _- ?+ O1 U" R
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-6 T, ?# r. \& P
ability of androgen products in our society may
' k2 V. k; K4 g9 a2 r5 L6 E6 Findeed cause more virilization in male or female
  Y) B( e- K! r4 K' _- A. E9 S3 Ochildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
; k2 ~. [$ B4 M# I* S# O# L) Rgen products must be considered and specific ques-
+ H2 r) n  K, I* Ktioning about the use of a testosterone product or
; Q0 {3 \0 r; u- h( j/ Tgel should be asked of the family members during) o6 a% {- V2 ]- R
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
5 x- u) D& T" [2 |2 F- P9 Milization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-$ d% v$ ~& X* c( X% \$ S
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by+ z9 ~5 [0 g: H" _7 P* m
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
& |5 w& o  h/ I) p( A- khistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may& l9 Y7 ?; A$ @7 o: {4 T
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
2 [* L% D! r5 minvestigation. The primary care physician should be
. b4 z4 o# J  F+ aaware of this fact, because most of these children  W1 Z0 i5 Y# |( M8 \' ^3 z7 `' l  ~
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’; i6 V& p4 B2 N$ }, H+ T5 L; X
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
6 I- Z8 ]' |1 Z' S7 \3 d9 gwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
  `, k) F& N, n% b& E9 ifemale child who might come in contact with some-* b1 @  s4 X2 }' L% ]* S9 J2 y1 J: A
one using any of these products.
$ y9 O4 k, }6 g9 S( q: MReferences6 U. H$ T4 I( Z* i
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation  X! ?% ]" |- ^( ]; O2 }  k
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
$ o- n- v; }4 z& D, O- l$ s& {2 IEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;: X% A/ C( A0 W7 X# P/ ~) H
2002: 565-628.# V1 ?! K+ K) V  v
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious* e# p% X8 N  f9 I
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
, Y4 `& ^2 J5 m9 m8 `; C; m9 kBoy Induced by Indirect Topical3 g4 @# D+ @( p" a- t7 x: K, {/ E
Exposure to Testosterone
  [- A' ~$ ?0 L  |! N4 ~7 ~; Z: sSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
& h: O2 }# D% Z0 u/ X! `and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
* x5 l, Y/ B/ vClinical Pediatrics
! Q0 A# Z/ F( kVolume 46 Number 6: W6 W5 h$ q# Z5 V* c
July 2007 540-543
2 `. w+ _8 f; f' {. W9 D© 2007 Sage Publications7 b2 R. q5 C: _6 C; ?
10.1177/0009922806296651# a- v" @* V$ E# S4 f/ ?1 r
http://clp.sagepub.com
' _" v$ G# u9 h6 v& O! p/ phosted at, r$ D8 Q% Y$ B. B$ C
http://online.sagepub.com. J  D. P  \( t
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,9 [- M0 {, C5 X% p" ?2 `$ ^* l1 S
is a significant concern for physicians. Central% C- v& n  X! T, M
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
% I4 L% e# O) u; p5 V. [5 a: lthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has6 }5 G2 m! J, {
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
  p  I* @2 L0 {. _lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested( g, g1 [1 t6 k
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
2 @) ?5 V; T* }  e1 |hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
% o7 x* t' I& x# E4 j3 n: |" icles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
4 y- `6 @: }- H/ ~report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the- R2 ?1 E; Z) y  |9 b. m
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-( n# t9 ]1 b4 w( r
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due4 ^8 v) p% S: F* _; l/ s! o8 f
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by/ x4 S2 {5 \5 K# Z
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
0 h& y& a1 e4 B2 X  `4 `8 fmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
3 C1 _. t" P* }' K  y% G6 Rchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
  i' F0 ~% c" ]2 J( g$ U% M' y1 mtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
% B1 |8 b" u! \# U. r* n; tbly more common than the rare case report in the
. J$ I5 |/ m# e" P) ^0 o  tliterature.43 W# P4 H% ]  O2 e
Patient Report
  K5 r% P/ v+ TA 16-month-old white child was referred to the+ R! O8 g; x; G6 N# C
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern4 j& V" ^% B3 u3 c
of early sexual development. His mother noticed( v7 w4 R" Z8 _2 Y" p% P( t  }$ ^
light colored pubic hair development when he was
( i! H9 R; s, N/ pFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of2 j6 V* f' V1 t' I
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.5 p" R% W7 n( A% B; ~9 R
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,5 i$ P& M4 f% ^1 p
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
$ ]7 t$ n* P- u4 N* jMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
; Z" Y( G, a& Ye-mail: [email protected].
, _" Q6 b9 Z% T- d& uabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became' a8 M0 _4 h( T
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-6 g. i5 y2 I% Z9 S% G
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child; D  _$ q/ _6 u  P
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with) S3 y* V: X' [$ G1 x) O" d
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of- g* Y6 M6 l4 K' t
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year; t% F" K# k3 H0 o7 F
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with& a  Z& t. g, ?# D
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
/ o6 J( x7 j4 [# Y9 \and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
% p+ I, x2 F7 J+ L/ Nwas age appropriate.& Y# y' M6 K9 \5 x9 R
The family history was remarkable for the father,- w& J1 t' i9 }" Z
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,7 S1 V; ?. N! o4 B: |
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s3 n6 e) @7 R6 l) q) r
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
: h$ J4 C( u/ [3 o  dearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.: g6 J+ T# ]% X6 c% A7 Y
The father denied taking any other medication. The- k9 g# d$ g' `. }+ @3 n" J6 [
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche) r3 }0 C) s3 r6 s2 ]: p8 _' [
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
9 q2 q) c, h. k5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
( E) x: V3 m4 Ycocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-+ r3 t& ~/ F1 {& V. J+ [9 p. [9 B9 ]
tives. There were no siblings.# L& N1 b( c: c# U
Physical Examination
3 ?, Y- i/ s1 a6 t  _The physical examination revealed a very active,
$ X$ H% z8 `% G) m4 e7 D) Tplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented* j- Y8 ~9 M% u  C" k- j
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
+ N5 z( `+ R0 c& ~# a: c/ N' Z6 H9 x' {90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
2 [3 [  M. a* m% T3 G& u(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
$ D- d% j+ q6 ~8 |, Pvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of; }$ k1 w: `: {: S$ f2 G
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.6 h# g! s3 l# n) e: y
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for& j1 ^  D! c9 x+ V( t* h
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
8 f( j& f" T* M& d. p8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
8 n" L% Q2 E" A2 k! F: Zdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around) N6 _  g2 K7 a- W5 m' O( {7 u
540
! x! U& l- z- ?  ?, b3 ?at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
& Q2 B& c& U) u+ }  x- ]6 Fthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
! i4 @/ C. u; Qtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
' W& _3 C, \$ DThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
) b8 B6 T# Z% g+ eoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
/ X9 V. ]- V4 V9 q- w4 {- Iabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.# `4 w4 q2 G4 u; a
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
7 h8 d( }! C- N9 q1 R# ubilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
  q2 \+ r8 Y  ~, o- ~of papilledema.
2 K1 J6 k, q! m9 [% n- \* yLaboratory Evaluation
9 {8 U4 `8 W. b6 E% X' ]0 u0 YThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
  M  s  n0 X, P% \4 W5 Husing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
  e/ ^- s& L/ ^0 P# w7 _logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
" L3 Y2 a$ R/ o5 skaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
8 l; u! U0 Z0 e8 N; Nshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
" K: O3 g* l0 j) Z% vlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
4 ~# U% Z5 U4 f0 qThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood9 _6 l, Y( s" D* t) l6 B) `
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were2 B8 M" g. K: M& R' Z- s) b
within normal range for his age. The concentration
/ u# O, n) J2 H. j9 [of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
4 m9 r( L2 U5 |(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
0 q2 h# s5 v6 Q; d  V; J9 G$ zng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
. C* W$ j; B! H+ lterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
5 Z. Y, Z8 A* i; r& Y8 ydesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
  k& o; j0 ]3 y/ Z2 X4 o0 `# h49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)4 x! A4 w+ A+ J/ v7 ?+ Z9 }+ I
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-0 u7 A7 g0 \/ O/ G9 i
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
* s) X  e* w6 F& B7 h4 S0 vtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),/ O3 A; Z- G+ M7 H' r
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
5 k* V  P9 X0 B+ u3 s/ v3 V5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular" s' g' t. Y1 o" t# P2 {
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone. D- O( ?) \, M" j7 V
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
  W& d2 ]; B# y/ I5 b- \; o( f(prepubertal).3 C4 b% _: Q8 F
The parents were notified about the laboratory4 U* s6 B: L: w0 v; J% C
results and were informed that all of the tests were
/ U5 H$ a% @, K& Z& Mnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
. v' _# q6 z( `1 xfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to2 ?( |: F& t# }$ z. K% O. Y' W
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-# ~6 y0 C* N9 p& k: I' y' c# v4 S2 H; r
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.. @  }7 j; M# D- a
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
* u; R9 w( `8 [) O* G! j" echild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained6 [& S/ C5 O) _) R3 I$ E
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained9 j* M0 B: o8 ?+ s" U# p9 z
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-7 E2 `& K; F1 }% F( d4 S
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at1 I7 O5 {- O7 O1 A# f3 |
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 21 Y% E" h) c8 x+ G1 x: t9 E2 S5 M
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
) m! v& U' H3 w* M( A2 PThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-5 R) S5 M* L- u5 ?# A9 l# Z  O
ing frequent erections.
  x# [2 ]9 v% \3 h2 e, YBoth parents were again questioned about use of+ E6 X" O: [( ^% Z) C
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to: x- V- k/ y3 @$ w3 e
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
# [8 C  `. x( `) M% T! `3 _Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541  N: O. B/ t- ^; ^
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-1 u. r. h8 D) l6 C/ _
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
0 x% D4 J# o+ N' Z! N6 d/ fa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed. l6 C$ m2 N5 |5 ?: L9 g
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-/ ^, {. D, M0 K. w5 r  N0 }( O9 U
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido. d5 N" l( V6 W( j
secondary to depression.; h& P# l4 R2 k9 G8 R9 c/ Q
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
" v, `# _# l# y( G7 w% pThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
; j0 V4 X1 W6 L! S7 Vchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
8 P/ B+ K6 c8 E' \6 t2 M+ n. b- Z& Fnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.0 s; A8 |+ _1 W" \) r2 Y2 z7 ~
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
& u0 r! P3 E1 F: Y8 ~* a' @when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
0 n2 Y+ ]3 `$ J; g( dwas high, he then read the product information5 n1 q* v! K3 p/ S5 u( w
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
1 K2 |' b3 c3 }0 v6 hson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
  ]4 S0 V3 l" H2 ^; P# F! Fdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the& t3 R7 N% d( l/ H) k2 v! o2 |6 H
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
/ @. I) _* [) ^! L" Ubeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
& W: e: ]' y7 H, `2 U; N" P4 x9 O0 stest was ordered, but the family did not go to the/ S0 {. |4 @- n: A+ a
laboratory to obtain the test.
- ^) {( ?1 k- {6 [$ MDiscussion) q1 U) a3 Y4 z- e# ]
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
5 y6 ]- c6 u$ U/ ~! }sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4( d! @3 s# d9 H  `* t- T
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
" w+ `- @& B" |% F7 zit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-1 q, O' \" ~: d/ j
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
- R5 W1 x; H8 j; Z1 J/ Jmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP% _9 ?* N5 _) `
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
# e5 r9 b; b0 r$ k# uresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
0 M$ B( `& x; {3 jamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-6 B$ ]* ]8 M; O" q4 z5 e+ E
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in, _" O7 e$ H# [9 [+ M
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
( g0 y$ T$ b, t5 k  s9 A9 E% rization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
9 U8 ]5 l) _. O- K# Q2 T+ r4 Mrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by2 `: I5 `: k0 |( d, E5 C
gonadotropins.1,3; p6 O, @! u3 B1 D0 {" o
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
! Y3 G1 A$ q, U( }1 G4 J) V5 M2 jcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate) v. v: F. W2 @* l+ i: e
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
) }. _0 ]; d8 c& sexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-& a7 C# F' [/ W  O
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing+ B0 P" C: C) g& Q4 J9 V( c
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive% B, j) ^$ p$ b+ j9 O6 d
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious! t' P; w6 `$ U1 |" y3 O
puberty in boys.3,4% I+ c, k% E5 u! i8 S" _
The most common form of congenital adrenal% p0 R6 H' e+ W
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
2 e8 S+ S6 r$ o5 IThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
8 l* z8 Y) H4 B, f- z0 texcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
1 b7 @) ~3 l; b& M" i* d$ {an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen7 u& Z5 E7 `' p
excess.1,3
& I: ~2 }, E& S9 v0 G0 tat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from" m- O! r# Z3 b/ o+ s- A
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
) F8 a5 J  ]) I( Y% Q9 X$ @$ G" \A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
3 Y9 }7 v" ?- @" s5 c6 ?; J7 P0 `independent precocious puberty, which is also known$ a0 _' R# O; U3 I. M
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a1 q2 u* G3 |( _+ c& E: ?
very young age. The physical findings in these boys1 c- A1 Y% D" b, m
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
  x% @  x: y( q  Y, |3 U6 Q; N' }including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
& K- e8 D  W6 A9 G' v$ L! B: [with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
7 t9 V  @  F% \& g: z7 ^. Aare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show: g6 M" i0 z6 r3 H; @2 c) S0 s: ~
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
, B5 z& I$ r/ e6 z- E: M' mreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
+ X+ P  w* l; H! \8 c4 pautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
1 v8 {" M: K/ wmales; therefore, other male members of the family
  |+ {/ U$ |% h! Hmay have similar precocious puberty.3
4 r- w# e  }5 D& y( bIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
' L6 Y! p& E$ E. z3 b7 \sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-0 [0 g9 P) o- B' a/ U9 p
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
1 p9 L4 R( U4 y1 s6 ]  Lwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
2 _9 k+ n# M: j% @! U$ x- Rstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
, p( u) f& Y( Qtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the: J5 V2 |; O2 E
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-, j9 }3 b9 Q" }5 {% P$ b( N$ m
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
# O5 ?) c( Z$ S5 N# Dbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
) l2 d; H; a8 \) q! _: a/ Ceither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
% `. b, j$ P3 K7 H4 ^$ |: E3 k. e( h& @deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
; l  a' ~/ T2 R7 U" m7 @ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
  s' y' Q; q( `/ v8 e, {The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
4 I) Q6 t1 Y2 g. U8 E2 {/ G/ Zsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
& b+ v/ e% J3 [6 rthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
* Z0 v7 z# y! o8 Vpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and+ e* Z5 `5 T5 X$ |1 k8 Q( C
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-: g" K# H  H7 I0 s9 [4 M' b, H) Y
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
% y# b- J; X& Y! @) X7 ?9 w+ |using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
) {8 A% y" v( ODesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
& E  R9 N6 e: C6 `% Kcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to3 F6 d, p! @; z) f& ?$ M. }
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
2 I- \  A6 q; f- s( G) @6 VSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
" [! X7 h. y1 Vbaseline value in those females who were exposed to4 U6 D! V6 T6 k- N5 J6 A
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
1 H5 o7 E: {7 m2 K& upartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
+ v- e, u  F' u" btion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.) E1 L- x5 O7 z3 V, V
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
% r' d2 S, t9 ywhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that! O. N  h# Y3 I, h0 j+ r
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-9 b1 I) J+ I9 N. s- j; j6 N
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more4 p+ {1 q4 F6 \2 Y7 h. E* ?- M$ Z
active in young children exposed to testosterone9 ^) z) i5 W8 C7 w7 U
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-, l1 w! V7 f9 L7 q" [; A
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
9 y" d4 M7 U  i# L" M/ Jvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
: n0 G. ]3 L" f2 v' F5 H& y; Schildren results in an increase in growth velocity and2 \, T6 _6 w" F8 t: R
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.6 z# J% B+ x* i& h  U
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
& P$ x+ W: K% `) F- W9 \early childhood on pubertal development and final. N  p# [% ]" f% t
adult height are not fully known and always remain
; w0 J% y, }3 r* _$ `a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-% e* i  X* I! k5 B
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
0 X0 w- N( E7 \acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after7 |% ?6 f$ _: n1 ]" ]
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation+ ~$ T2 A& w" V( R+ Z/ y) E
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
" J9 \/ w" G( W+ {: uThere are conflicting reports and controversy
  v( @- v+ ~/ E5 [; r& f# y$ @- Nover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
  |; ^( j( Q1 k& m, C! q( ^penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
1 m! v, n" H0 i  }+ @adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-. B9 W! Y' A( {2 `+ z/ p% o0 a6 a, g2 ]
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
+ G0 `+ d0 u8 g" L& r$ CSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
) W$ V+ c6 K; Gchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
% i& k  k# G" F- u* p2 hpenile length in clinical studies." S) k  J0 e" C1 K5 a
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is/ ?* r: _# ~/ U: {) T1 }
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
3 c; [8 ~6 O5 p) m  Gtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because( P' N, j3 H# n0 X9 X4 t
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
9 b. B1 z- u) a* v* ZAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
- j! u6 M9 J# P9 p0 |* Ediagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
9 W) J+ g0 G( l- _5 pthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
. y$ f/ S- h2 R2 M( Z; a+ V6 P& A1 Cheight will not be affected.% g2 z' r  h* U5 S& c4 T
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
8 b- j4 E+ G& I1 bability of androgen products in our society may% u, G6 p2 A# g& o( i; z/ H7 K5 T6 T
indeed cause more virilization in male or female4 h# k9 \) {9 h- |8 s$ F
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-4 {+ }9 z! U* o8 i- R7 i
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
+ S2 o9 ]" F5 w& T& i1 l( Vtioning about the use of a testosterone product or
: J7 A$ H; y% a; ]9 G# tgel should be asked of the family members during
- W0 H) V! W0 c# g4 }! S/ Uthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-) {1 a, M9 b- m7 a. M
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-- x) b" M( @! q( S
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by8 v8 o- Y/ g+ A+ q+ i8 v
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
) C4 I! A: V% m9 @) h  |0 Thistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may8 w$ ]7 |# I+ e
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive# O  _  O5 J: g+ R/ b
investigation. The primary care physician should be
2 O$ V! V; X* `aware of this fact, because most of these children
/ N/ V( a! d* C9 m, V5 ~may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’' [. Q# C% h/ w0 W2 m6 q/ w. S
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a. t) @5 q' o5 ^7 F1 r# Y" u! O
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or, Y0 O$ U; x2 Y: s4 H
female child who might come in contact with some-
2 a. Z4 ^9 E0 F' Rone using any of these products.8 K2 ?4 t/ B1 s) d
References
! V& _- ?( y/ U# J+ a1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation. q( _) l2 @" ?& o" @
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric- Z+ L, q. }3 V; E, t
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
9 w- `6 y# R$ m& F1 m2002: 565-628.2 |' v/ `9 q/ f+ S8 p
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious0 R- E% |' c, F* T, ~3 S
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
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4个什么样的?
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, O! n4 a% c% a4 M精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
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發表於 2025-4-8 11:10:25 | 顯示全部樓層
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
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