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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old; ^3 c( x! o  w% f- r
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical3 J  j+ l' y0 c
Exposure to Testosterone
: X: W6 P% E. I, JSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,25 f/ K4 u4 p# _% S, d
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD14 m% D% M& k5 s+ |+ M
Clinical Pediatrics
* R4 w% i. r6 J/ A- E# xVolume 46 Number 6$ S& v6 L/ p9 i* n
July 2007 540-543# S, p  f! G9 H1 @
© 2007 Sage Publications" ^+ @1 J- W2 y6 R  X) D+ }$ k
10.1177/0009922806296651
( @5 }: l' D7 e5 J! Jhttp://clp.sagepub.com
' Y- O2 y0 i+ k  l" b" t' ]! h" i% Chosted at
# n0 y$ r% n& Shttp://online.sagepub.com
" _- G  y  s5 I7 `; ZPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,: @0 I# I2 w9 Z
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
- k/ f0 o& P3 eprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated% H+ T! O. c. a
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
. a+ H* h  S9 P# o2 ~! Ga higher incidence of organic central nervous system
  p& i$ {- ^. e+ e+ n& Z: ]0 b5 Plesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
+ j  [% N6 [0 ^" |5 wby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic5 z* O- G6 [1 B( f' t
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-4 U, e; M3 P  {4 L0 K
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We/ i7 b2 v$ k0 E, d& z, I+ ]
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
% g: j. ]% H, t/ c6 \8 Zenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
( ?( s3 c7 v5 r7 a$ K% jment without testicular enlargement, which was due
% s% a7 A" s7 f' P" [to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
# _) b* B  X6 N. K8 q$ S: D; Lthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-! x5 q/ u0 N' ~: I) L+ g. k
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this$ X/ u. D" D3 h: v# E, s
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
- N, ^* f, \, i" v' y" [( itestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
+ Y5 V  J0 i( i  D+ e3 o- tbly more common than the rare case report in the
3 x+ Y0 k4 T2 A2 @) k+ Jliterature.4
5 Q+ n; v. P- t" ?Patient Report
8 q; @" L, Y1 Q+ y4 B9 _, K5 eA 16-month-old white child was referred to the  p) Q7 q' Z  c; ?, D' Q+ L; f
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
/ p& v. Q8 N% F# y5 E+ tof early sexual development. His mother noticed
* Y$ @8 |0 M( L! K# t0 llight colored pubic hair development when he was
2 Z. e1 l4 h& b0 jFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
; `4 a- g% _; W- s" oSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
! |2 d" A9 z: t. s+ v* d7 w) ^Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
! q: @3 V& Z8 L3 b0 EProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of- u2 |1 Q, L% J4 w9 A1 v' g
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
2 ]" r' c, k4 o5 [8 i( ^. y% Q% Oe-mail: [email protected].
- d- U$ Y6 v4 q( E0 jabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
7 a0 U9 V0 B; g& z! u! ydarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-, M9 z2 c  s6 C/ N7 Z3 Y
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child! S  x0 H3 c" C, y6 [0 {* H
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with" Q3 b# h1 R6 Z+ N9 M+ N4 P+ z4 f+ |1 B: D
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of) C9 f) w, s. Y  b# b+ K1 l
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year# ~! X- c% Y' K3 G5 q
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with! ^- s+ N9 J) s  ~6 m
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
( R6 T: F/ D; g* x! ^and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
% Y6 G  \$ z5 {7 \% Q' e6 a( ~$ {was age appropriate.
; l; P# P% h; M. D3 Q2 FThe family history was remarkable for the father,  t# R  B6 s# Y. ?5 N
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
9 Z: u0 m3 K: \; {! ^which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s8 E" C  k3 ~- l
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
( D' n/ |, M  [5 S$ Qearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.0 X8 E3 G9 P# n7 }0 R( j
The father denied taking any other medication. The1 T: a! {9 E+ d; C) i
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
$ z/ c# p  q- C8 Z; t! f# ~was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
! ]# x7 |1 q/ l% Y- O# _% d5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-( S' ^( Z: w7 d8 y! N3 A- W
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-1 D+ e, F' T9 e" G6 Y+ v: `
tives. There were no siblings.
$ G  Z# h  |2 U1 E' f& JPhysical Examination
4 C7 E8 ?" e8 d1 d8 n2 u+ V0 B- IThe physical examination revealed a very active,3 P* |: t6 b. g. e# Z2 s8 w7 t
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
7 B3 G4 F4 Y! f2 f9 h* F& xa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
! d# H" h5 ^) S  x/ j90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg. a2 B, p' x- {7 v6 P
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
' k1 T! L' J+ ]2 v( W) Bvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of9 M9 A. `8 j2 Z) }9 \$ B: ~0 U$ a0 w3 ~
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
. |; K0 L7 d3 |2 m: H! hThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
/ `; M# Y4 b" m6 j* d7 ~6 s. \enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of3 c; P, }3 d/ @2 e0 m9 d* w
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well7 B+ W4 ~1 |- {# s
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
# o( m- K# f4 w540
7 L1 a2 f. V  D$ a* u' T8 gat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from8 ?. X3 P3 {' R9 |4 p/ Z- {
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
$ f9 t: `& u; v+ B( I1 r: E8 [testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each., n& r4 r, k( o3 w: d* a; i& ?
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
! E* W6 t/ y" I  F% F6 t' roily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
3 [' B" ^6 K% D) L$ Jabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.) a3 G1 N. o' R0 s6 O
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
; P1 ^6 k& C$ X% _bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion! o, K( Z- r& q) R/ @
of papilledema.$ P% Q8 p/ S( U
Laboratory Evaluation
& c+ L  h4 n! j' W0 C8 @The bone age was consistent with 28 months by$ X$ T, N1 d9 S5 Y1 O
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-1 u8 e# b, ]# O2 F2 b
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal! n! @$ B4 p! S6 A4 ?% p3 F6 Y
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test4 _/ N( j, s5 l; O( p
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
' Z2 D3 k/ o' k8 p, N9 Wlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal)., d  u1 W9 x( P* I+ j1 L
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood5 Z% T( m0 y; j8 D9 v
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
% m* g$ ^1 C8 U4 G8 p8 f( p. Rwithin normal range for his age. The concentration/ u! `% T1 e6 V0 i
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL7 c! a- m! {$ B* n9 l
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20# F" J: h8 s- Z) {( N! n9 a/ y
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
/ j/ v$ A) K5 q& A8 ^terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),( c/ l1 Y3 F$ X1 I: ?7 X
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
1 p8 ?1 U2 v) A1 w! }, d! h# [# {49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S). t- f* s" j5 @
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
, _5 P# t8 a& p, e9 s4 r1 Btisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total& q6 c& b1 J6 ?* Q6 w9 t
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
; s) Z5 Y9 R; o% Z" x' gand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
1 b9 `- {4 v2 S5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular( X2 d8 Q& l2 `6 l1 d% E
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone$ {3 n' ^/ V+ |; Z  Q
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL8 P3 N0 s0 J, O7 i: g
(prepubertal).
$ R% p! C2 A3 v3 S4 Q" `The parents were notified about the laboratory) h* ~3 a5 \0 S6 M- W5 g
results and were informed that all of the tests were
- z; r/ d" d3 d0 {5 H3 lnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
8 _# u% d$ K) Q+ d7 g7 T0 |follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to9 \  {# x  B) I4 Y9 l4 J( {
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
" r) i* n4 s* ]- y5 aever, the family did not return for 4 months.6 l5 P3 L2 [1 t7 |5 @' D. }
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
4 O1 d) w3 h2 k; w/ tchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
* Y! p; ~5 v& U. y7 r2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
; |% m( e9 u: U# {$ \unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
) B; \7 D7 c' m8 L& ~, ~pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at  {! e- q" Y7 C
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2: y8 b% a, W; D4 C1 ~$ `
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.) g- ^) X- b3 W/ u' L% r
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
: G$ ?+ N" S  }( r3 b5 Eing frequent erections.
" ?6 Y) A. Y2 ]3 K; R! h/ o$ HBoth parents were again questioned about use of
$ s5 \# R  g. Eany ointment/creams that they may have applied to5 E1 y& Y0 A( B* T4 u( a
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
) A1 e8 P" ?" K( O3 i& zTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541. N; U8 d/ o5 d2 a! S# T8 c2 e) u
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-9 I( X5 m. I+ a/ L/ Y. D) R9 w3 F
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for7 p2 }0 @" R3 N/ f. Z9 t
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed/ u' O! s/ g% n: L7 S" L
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
7 A6 E, q& N* {0 X1 r, Y' U+ S6 Pscribed by his family physician for decreased libido5 X! Z. v; J0 U: X$ M! Z; ?. ]
secondary to depression.# O. m: _9 v+ K7 H
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
- D. d7 Y$ I2 A& q' FThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
) O3 |$ r* A, ]' ~2 {: xchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-: y8 _) n7 g6 u& L/ C! J! R& F
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.8 p5 Y8 H9 c1 {9 \" c; X
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
+ i  G. @( U' n. w- w' `; C& y' \( Pwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
7 |5 H2 j% }, X5 g  g: Ywas high, he then read the product information9 b9 Q. U0 O6 n7 i
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-+ y* x$ J. z% p0 c% h
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they8 Z, y. f: S! |
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the- a+ `0 E0 J" a9 t( z! X
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
0 _) D" d. r6 lbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
0 ?6 L. j2 {( vtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
7 r2 v0 H+ Y: Llaboratory to obtain the test.; G! ]) l& D  u- o9 j
Discussion
, D! k4 T, \1 u6 D: VPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary( ]* g7 }# H, I9 d
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4$ @% J0 a1 V# ~/ Q3 f
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
* m' U7 F+ Y4 e8 u0 E: F6 fit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
; l2 ^7 q4 m# J5 q2 E. H3 f# V( Rthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-/ u, k6 f6 y8 d, v/ T' U
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
( L5 _9 N- s  N* s2 f. u$ Lmay have a central nervous system lesion that is9 H% H( _. t9 a! q+ L
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
0 X3 @+ m3 K. U0 i$ Xamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
  Y( u* J9 z4 D4 L3 t2 usis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
* s) a" C+ \$ E) ?7 zboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-8 c6 q! m7 J' j% ?
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-: E; G" L: t4 w  |& U& a" F
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
3 W  D* S4 {& R2 fgonadotropins.1,3
. W! c7 x# F  M5 {# E0 ~' A2 [Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-- e, q% f% `( E; n8 O2 Q: j
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
* y* F$ r4 W& Q  c. _8 vandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
& D2 O6 r$ e! ^% S8 sexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
/ r# [. C5 P5 \( @2 Y+ julation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing% f# [: @# L, B; |& d1 I% s
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive0 U9 f' E* x% M8 z, L5 C0 [+ b: J
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious+ k' l3 b5 l, i  z' C' C& x
puberty in boys.3,4- c0 x9 E* b6 \
The most common form of congenital adrenal' K( Y" m: }/ G! r# _' ~; a: K
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
$ k% w. N6 j  V3 QThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
1 D3 {( f5 p7 `0 H) Y4 s# Pexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
" Z! f! E3 J0 I% i* qan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen4 w' p: h, A; P
excess.1,3
; t0 e, x, p6 j+ w- oat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
# {9 h) c  {  [% z* }542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20073 I# X  C. C7 Z4 i2 G/ Y' f! h
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-4 e+ \! h8 d& S( D6 e& o# \
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
; y% Q9 g5 L% g3 Eas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
" q$ H7 \1 S$ v. G$ r1 K, }6 f# jvery young age. The physical findings in these boys5 \5 @7 x0 J8 N+ O4 E& ~
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
" D: k6 U* H/ s  b: Lincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
" d8 z: u, r/ X: Owith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
, l: \$ H* ]: d  Kare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show) U3 T3 T: A/ d& p" u) v
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-4 p0 C" W9 n% z4 X
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
5 \  d  u% @& G" jautosomal dominant disorder that affects only2 f- f5 y5 i# P
males; therefore, other male members of the family
2 u- Z4 s9 {) z/ B0 |7 I# u; bmay have similar precocious puberty.3. B" g. ^$ X1 y% R
In our patient, physical examination was incon-9 a# m4 |- g  d; U9 k5 Q! U. |1 v
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-1 o2 F1 \( `, j" Y$ q& X
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis+ C) N# I  B7 H+ g
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
2 N+ j2 x3 }- \' Astarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,1 Y0 l5 m( n0 P! G) S
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
: `6 G0 @1 _  o) h0 M4 }: o% gbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
9 ], @! k# e- M8 S; u4 mative initial history of androgen exposure, our& Y7 p( h: ?& E- L" `2 s
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,* }& a: N2 J# ^& G6 [$ t
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
+ T  o9 a4 g, B) L7 N0 tdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
. H! k/ @; f4 n& [4 iing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
& O6 I7 C! y" tThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly1 g4 {6 k  N2 g: G  A) h5 x
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because0 M  I  H$ M/ C( c! x1 S1 d
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-+ n& ?* h# U8 I4 f9 o+ J, |
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
" p% i' |( F, l! Q, \decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
+ O8 r/ N7 R# Q5 P, V/ L0 Rterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was6 F$ D# u( E. P3 x8 S0 g9 g: q
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’- H3 Q( t' O3 J
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or$ m( o" _7 P+ d( c& f
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to8 E/ i( C+ s( T3 J
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
  l  f6 x  J4 o$ j; ?5 V) E& NSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the' Y, X  M, K  i
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
3 |' E, W  B  ?* B" ^even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male* Q& y. w0 o) m
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-3 J$ }: c& Y+ V( L2 h' I- a1 Y( w
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.* ~3 ~& B) m4 G. M' `  c
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,% `8 e, X. m, y! W$ a
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
6 q0 r! i4 h& F  }dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
/ A+ B$ q$ n0 @5 i: M! [terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more+ D' I. r) u: Y: k
active in young children exposed to testosterone+ e! F, E( D6 M' a1 j. @2 J; R& l% ?
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
; p: E  d* F) f' [0 Odrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
: `  |. r- Z) ^! u3 Y7 dvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
  d$ Z# J% d$ Q4 \children results in an increase in growth velocity and: |# ^' b8 F$ I
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.2 s+ D; w0 |, P, z4 l6 Y6 N
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
' |& d0 \5 y) P; z2 e/ gearly childhood on pubertal development and final
( Y% m2 p8 i8 r7 ?" p' M+ t+ p. V, `adult height are not fully known and always remain" K2 i- d; V2 t) t& N1 m; g
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-- e* \) J/ ^' B: z
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
2 H) [( @7 V( l( |- j) f7 S& y: {acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
. U/ Y. G' j0 G1 Scessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
0 v) S% a4 @" n% w" T2 j  B% ?8 Zdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
# S) ?! v: n6 k  k4 X3 ^* tThere are conflicting reports and controversy3 Y% G$ \( g4 v( u9 A
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult4 b' h) j' f2 f: v7 v. x3 L
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal4 ?0 c: B7 W! M5 y8 c+ }  e
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-9 N+ ~  x  @" g: g6 r
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
. T! w! g$ u- C9 qSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between% l! i- |/ f& W" q% w3 K- l
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult! i7 h, D. T) B& [; v. [4 v
penile length in clinical studies.
2 t9 L( c+ }0 |- V( I7 ?' Q5 fNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
7 B% `0 Y4 W& a, i* M% W6 f8 @going to experience any of the untoward effects from
" c! j& a$ }$ q( l: q8 ^% C8 ?testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because5 d+ j; Q6 z) }0 G  W* g. b
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.3 N. I  W" ?' I( ^* x4 A
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of: K: k+ \: ?7 U2 N/ U( B2 a
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
3 _- O: B. m. ithe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
9 L0 f" s% [3 n& C, V4 ^* iheight will not be affected.7 b5 {: E- a4 H: i
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
% F: u) S$ A; r  N* e8 c7 g( `8 Vability of androgen products in our society may3 n6 d+ T$ J; z
indeed cause more virilization in male or female; F6 w% c8 M" G; }: d& d
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
9 @. a: W5 |1 }  `# Qgen products must be considered and specific ques-
5 u% f; I0 ~' L; qtioning about the use of a testosterone product or# z# j/ b% ]7 W/ k# S5 ^! F
gel should be asked of the family members during+ q- K& d0 N; b
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
5 ]% k; a' \* K/ silization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-- \8 Q. e) P1 S  s7 E
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by# i8 I$ }* U/ q8 F; v& }* Z: r
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a. ~% l4 s6 h8 [* G7 H, R
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
" t2 X# y' M# d7 q& L/ K4 X6 |4 Mresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive( H# L- R) i' r; f: @  G
investigation. The primary care physician should be
3 ~% D6 a+ j8 d4 _  r8 L. Maware of this fact, because most of these children* O1 I1 C9 \, C; T) e( q
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
, x) p( ?3 D$ O& |2 e: hDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
2 ?5 s8 I& J* k0 Dwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or5 Z; w1 ~/ D; r
female child who might come in contact with some-7 l6 U, L% j  a$ A8 [$ }
one using any of these products., F  }& L5 I6 A' Z- K3 I
References6 K; d: j& I" X
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
5 d1 r% `, V* m2 ?+ X5 o' U; c3 P; Qand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric- i1 z! a8 `* I. N9 E. P4 h0 E4 g
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
+ P6 ^1 U. S; @$ M$ O2002: 565-628.0 l3 E# {2 @3 f- l3 o$ r. c
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious4 P2 w; W: D" P% n
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
! _" ?& g# u8 u# Y: @( u( CBoy Induced by Indirect Topical+ N' t: ]( w! l# y6 v) w
Exposure to Testosterone+ G$ f2 r& h8 B" s3 w
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
: O! S  A! ?8 ]$ Tand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
5 {+ F% ^& m2 ~6 ~1 kClinical Pediatrics
; X7 O6 X0 h( q2 n! G( l. F5 P; S# [Volume 46 Number 6
6 L6 ?+ Z& O- ~2 g- s# v3 c8 yJuly 2007 540-5436 J1 i) y" l3 F' T2 ~4 }
© 2007 Sage Publications) K/ r3 f" O1 I0 `
10.1177/00099228062966519 p. P7 H. u" l1 f8 t! P
http://clp.sagepub.com
: H6 v9 h+ v1 i; M8 ^hosted at
4 ]% Z. q. A0 u- O' ~' Ahttp://online.sagepub.com* r$ \5 P" U! M2 j% z
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
* F+ ]' F+ I  S- h. o+ M0 ais a significant concern for physicians. Central
% H; a6 `$ O. y4 k+ Oprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated! O, g, T$ Q% ~* a# b& P5 v: P& i
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
7 j' Z" `- Z: d$ A) pa higher incidence of organic central nervous system
  D/ s6 O; R- h1 A) Ulesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested/ m) a/ p$ Y% n7 q! c% |/ A, {
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic" p) S: u% {  C, [  X: H
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
8 v+ Q1 @( C7 I7 @* [2 Hcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
. S/ e7 G* X6 L4 x4 Qreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
  N& D  O8 ?/ h2 ?, J: \& _: Senlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
/ Y  k! |7 @4 C) vment without testicular enlargement, which was due7 A7 j, N# j+ u( b1 e  Y* F
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by7 u* F" O- Q' \" C( O0 Z. x
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-- W8 t1 I+ b+ V
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this7 ^! J, i' J$ d0 b3 b: U
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
' t% i& o. A* M" v8 W  ~6 t& x+ e! htestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-$ l; n9 F$ E4 u1 W, m" {" F% @' P
bly more common than the rare case report in the  }- v- ?7 L8 F' s
literature.4) c/ L) c! k& [
Patient Report
8 @, S& }, i4 g$ s1 P* OA 16-month-old white child was referred to the7 W( }; j( `. k: G- Q% s) B) ^
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
0 r; _. F6 c7 v; I4 a! Oof early sexual development. His mother noticed
0 P9 k0 l% {8 Z) ?light colored pubic hair development when he was. Z1 k4 A# O. ?3 e( ~/ E, C
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
& V% y" g- y' y3 KSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
/ t& h7 ^3 C; A. F/ D* f/ DAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
3 i0 ?9 G3 ^: h: w* K$ yProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of$ a8 m( C# _8 Q, K0 W2 J( p
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;; ]4 R' j6 \( K# F9 M
e-mail: [email protected].
: n9 G0 j, O# Qabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became1 A% a: T) R. Y% g0 t: C
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-7 _9 E: c* w& B0 |2 \! z
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
+ V* N# N2 |) z7 ?, P# ywas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with. Q( G( F7 I7 _4 q  \2 w0 q, W
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
" Q1 t6 a9 ?: [& U  d+ V8 a9 ^20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year$ S  \! f  M2 j$ X4 t' A- \
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
* f6 L0 s& G' G6 k1 a+ Y3 y3 A! H/ Dsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,/ Q  J( P8 ~/ n4 z: @& J& ^: [: K
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development/ S; e; X, |3 L' T2 z. P6 b/ J& R
was age appropriate.$ J, w, X# z3 C/ Z
The family history was remarkable for the father,
. \, s' G7 M5 n* jwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,& N! J/ H. e+ D& p' x9 B
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
+ U9 T; P6 C# T0 e- N( P6 \height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
+ @, f8 n0 T! `. W9 P9 h2 `2 Kearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14." b' D( l9 o6 _0 L/ I
The father denied taking any other medication. The
* U% A# b5 i5 B: W; [/ O/ b! d/ V& fchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche) D9 {5 `5 I) q5 j1 T" I8 Q
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
5 ?: a  ?. q, U1 u( C, }. B5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-/ u0 z3 m9 b6 y% D5 E' c8 u
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
  b- b/ V; W$ L, stives. There were no siblings.2 j" X) H+ M( U
Physical Examination1 i1 q4 b# l1 [  B* X6 F& s
The physical examination revealed a very active,4 Q: r7 _7 H8 R$ w3 d/ s* Z
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
7 X# \6 J9 E1 q8 K) Za blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was8 G! x" n0 q4 g
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg! [: q( _5 `- h. K; e: E
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth# Q9 \3 [- d, [
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
, I# i7 f( G+ t/ h* othe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.% C9 t4 Y% Q: |0 [8 l0 o
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
/ a# X' Y/ ~& X- Y/ S# Cenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of7 y) v! m# L+ p0 J. Q' }/ P
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
8 ?& I& }5 f" O9 E# \  t5 B& ndeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around6 m( g; l9 Q1 x1 g+ W5 Q5 y$ C6 z7 D0 u
540/ v7 J; `) x- f; L
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from, E+ M$ b+ u! i9 }7 R
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
! b& Q2 Y) f! w. ktesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
: w& Q5 v0 D# W% rThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
, u* f- h4 c6 _/ roily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no* ~% @) j* B' z3 x4 D7 H
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots./ [2 T0 D, V& C* s4 i, K
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
/ L- p' `, ^6 Y% }5 A2 A  V- U* Mbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion3 O( V! l. K4 Z0 V& B# J
of papilledema.8 B7 o1 H. z7 l/ p9 V" t
Laboratory Evaluation0 a" f: D/ u2 \4 d
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by5 O: l: v" @5 W" i- g$ ~
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-9 H+ M% [5 F# j; t$ e1 F! `7 ~
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal+ v8 D% `) T' M! r- U
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
* N: E( `: o5 k* @& i  S4 mshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
, D; @$ m9 v* k8 S' }! N2 Rlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).7 r; y* Q; C: {( U% ?" \; n+ U
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood$ W6 I$ ?, k# V" ?
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
2 Q- I8 O! C4 ?* {within normal range for his age. The concentration
: g2 G" i7 y. F5 Q" R6 B% Jof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL/ t8 C* W7 M1 [
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 205 T6 K, j& H; n; M
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-% T+ q8 {' Y* A9 A" _8 n1 Q5 F+ q4 ?
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
! @6 j% ~- L& o6 Z; Zdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to; X3 J0 o2 b8 {# b: k+ w
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
8 X5 B/ V  p' W$ {" K! I+ I+ Nwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-4 a: ^0 t- Z- G' l. o
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total; q( g( ?# h1 M6 k- n3 p3 k
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),. X. D/ o7 D% c& V- W3 `8 S
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than3 b! M# @/ W$ E, \3 Q
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular; u1 r5 Q! _$ ~+ t6 _
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
: v3 |, u2 d3 ]" G5 _concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL6 P+ N* h" u4 M/ [% Q
(prepubertal).
( h# m. P$ L  q$ W" V; D) M4 b) ^The parents were notified about the laboratory
& M. _: o# j7 o" i+ _results and were informed that all of the tests were. G5 }( i# V+ ?! X
normal except the testosterone level was high. The- Q% p& i  e; o  G3 w
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to& k' r/ W0 _( g
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
& |* u4 x& w# S/ d0 y- G' b4 xever, the family did not return for 4 months.4 u: _0 U% a* N. m( M4 K
Physical examination at this time revealed that the7 U' Z# ?. G6 t
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained, z, D+ f+ I; {3 O* f1 s2 W+ f, g
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
9 ]  B$ k6 P7 y# a4 B: q! Eunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
* }! M8 L+ E$ f0 L3 s* h2 bpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
. Y  t: [* h* T, o# x5 cthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 22 G( A+ s' J8 w
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
: l5 H$ f/ D) b/ p! a5 f# iThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-$ S8 s( I) n" [# c0 b3 A9 B
ing frequent erections.
* r5 Y) h; S- ?1 z9 R7 NBoth parents were again questioned about use of
  \. q! @  a: r5 Z6 U" gany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
5 U+ M9 E% T3 v) B0 }0 vthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the* c, A9 \& t& O1 p6 @. r( G
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
" h! h$ b4 a) e; fuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-  B4 ?2 }% w, _
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
& p* }9 M) c3 La year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed* [" {0 J1 a; \
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-7 Y! ]" Y( ^9 e+ I
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido* j8 I* N, j9 W
secondary to depression.' ~" }. _( ^  s/ r9 x$ l( E
The child slept in the same bed with parents.9 G% Y( R/ m- h- K
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
* p! v9 T' X6 G  c5 V' zchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-3 v( M6 R; ^# n  u& [
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.4 @1 W) h" p& G: S9 j5 L' G
The father also admitted that after the phone call,1 j& U* o5 {% H. h# W' z# n
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
* c3 C" F# d) ~- R( z3 I, W1 ~( Pwas high, he then read the product information
6 y& q4 _& _8 Q: J$ {  S$ @# e& rpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-- \3 R2 r# @9 R; |" N
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
/ |2 R1 \2 J5 \# bdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the, F- F/ E! M; W: d2 R' O
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
) c2 M5 w8 \6 n& \been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
* \0 Z8 {/ }8 e$ B' xtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
7 n- w8 a' o4 B- a' `laboratory to obtain the test.- @  Y+ _0 p; [
Discussion
0 F; q' v5 e8 |Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
8 s% c- i1 b/ |0 _  [: i  |sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
! P0 U  G" i! w0 C& B. k- P' }+ APrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when( l# Y( C2 L9 Y
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
9 ~9 h: H5 t  }5 T% D. bthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
  S: _1 T, m5 M+ W$ }' ~0 X% P; Zmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
% G. p9 l' X4 S9 q/ C) dmay have a central nervous system lesion that is# ]# f9 i8 f$ `3 @1 k* k7 N  M
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
4 @: B2 y1 b7 n' E" a+ o; x9 kamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-" C9 f. M- b( m" D$ t
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in2 A2 `5 Y8 D; ]+ ]9 Y& P
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-9 C0 Y0 X9 P( M4 F, a
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
( s6 b; e/ A) t6 ~9 K; Hrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by6 L% k9 m! z, Y- {5 W
gonadotropins.1,35 B+ v. D" n% r' G
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-, l1 y/ ^6 t* y6 b9 X
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
( U+ }5 L4 g" C4 candrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or0 @& c4 ~$ R/ Q) g& F) L
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
# f/ [+ b4 ^% c8 z" b' k6 Yulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing0 b# _) l3 l$ G+ W' R6 }4 m9 T* v. L0 O
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive% b2 T! s4 [: ]2 L, @
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
3 G5 A' J# c0 D" Q$ Upuberty in boys.3,4+ D- F* `; l6 \& x
The most common form of congenital adrenal
: m6 D  e, D- u$ d5 whyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
1 e$ @+ I6 e7 F6 R  q6 pThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
1 W7 a* M, F: y- Wexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
: w; L+ V% h% Han adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
, }1 x; W4 {  L% hexcess.1,32 m. l% P# F) ?; [8 a8 Z7 w1 b) J
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
6 h: @3 J/ D' w542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
- q8 u, f  k1 ZA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-) m2 m$ R9 b& o# ?5 A
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
0 ~5 d7 M+ G; c. e2 D5 @2 \" Pas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a5 R  N7 u; `% D2 G/ c8 K! ^1 o
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
" W) m# i* m/ {% u* G1 s+ x1 @with this disorder are full pubertal development,
6 b7 d: j! e* i$ h, ^) g: _including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys* Q9 w# {. _" |, d7 D9 P. s" s) b
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
5 M. l8 K) ?# Y) \/ A, jare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show2 V/ e7 b2 N. E/ S. z9 d
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-- ?, ]/ ^# L7 M3 m7 U0 B0 ^. d1 A
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
5 o4 o2 K2 E: l/ V1 N/ a1 wautosomal dominant disorder that affects only' L0 O* R# c* V9 d4 X. E3 K: P
males; therefore, other male members of the family9 B4 a7 U" p) a; W+ w
may have similar precocious puberty.31 O8 A) @& A0 I, H( F' ^' w) \
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
8 y! s- p$ B7 ^: \  Ssistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
. Z  ?. u% `/ D6 b* Ycles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis0 T" M, [0 l' X# v8 U. E" R
was in the differential diagnosis because his father1 Y! t# e$ Z; P# d% n3 W' \0 F
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
" i3 K# T' w- z* y$ G, stesticular enlargement is not that evident in the& X. u! f, w3 l( V) y% b
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-. t; N- O0 C2 E9 Q( Z+ d
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
9 G) i0 y. \. L, D6 v; d! Obiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,( X: W  E: ?0 h- A
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
* x/ `" e: r, M( }; [( Z* D1 zdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
! z* b! _5 P% |1 ping the normal level of adrenal steroids.! b* i) A1 {7 P7 V
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly8 `7 N) \6 u! o- b5 h' i
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
( c1 P. W: V# {the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
& @# u& A. {$ b1 |( F1 Lpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and( R: I8 k7 [) I, f3 J
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-- y! t4 i& {3 F9 {( a! x* ^! Q  E
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
% I1 I* z& a2 q) {% a6 ~! @using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
8 U: H4 d6 v, @  P& i. Z6 KDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
9 X0 X/ `0 x  e6 Z! X( ocream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
& c! F* Q% K! Aunprotected females through direct skin exposure.% D1 r  D3 `' U+ O+ e$ R
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the" O$ N3 ]# M4 `* _* M0 H! Z; C1 |
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
/ h) f% E8 e5 Z: H2 G- Jeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male" L! K0 r- d' L: `2 U$ H
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
6 a: H% B  t' H( xtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented., I  S5 v: M2 Z# t3 }
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,2 y1 C" l% d/ t* a7 Z2 p1 z
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
9 i1 u: S; F, ldermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-4 p. D1 i3 f9 t
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more; X$ m! h( W8 l0 I
active in young children exposed to testosterone3 L  ~7 O2 @, _6 i& ?( r
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-9 }/ [0 U3 f6 @, ?8 J
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
( U/ f' f+ ~/ Y, z( U6 N: k) P/ E+ Fvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
! N4 w+ B! w: rchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and( G4 ~! m0 z* S; x4 w9 a& y2 D
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient./ y) [% \4 `1 H3 f" _  `: c) {
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
7 G5 w+ \" V* y2 P2 m: [$ ^% n- xearly childhood on pubertal development and final
& F3 }" P4 {- e) q2 L5 D8 yadult height are not fully known and always remain  f9 b8 G" i2 Y9 U  o
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
# n# l/ C4 f+ f( C% S7 ]- Sterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some( V6 `4 b# T& Q8 \4 A7 H
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after. G8 ~9 h. x# }7 g: i% y
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation  i5 d2 l+ j. n5 c
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
0 X. w0 p8 T  DThere are conflicting reports and controversy
) `2 O% w* p( j- Gover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
8 f1 B$ Y/ b- T. L' ?penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
! ~. s) e- z$ C: c& w0 Zadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
+ m/ Y+ j4 s* H5 ?+ ?! U' `ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
% F; i0 w1 a1 c' P, vSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
* S  ]" z# ?- ]" ]) Y# jchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult4 R& W: S" d. |
penile length in clinical studies.4 d6 r) f7 J( l1 O$ e
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is) m) t8 @+ k, E
going to experience any of the untoward effects from6 Z( s3 b% Y/ H) }" S
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
0 c& s* z: T% P2 i7 _the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.$ `0 V" R2 R" V* J& ^; K3 V
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
: v7 F* v) g* P( n5 n# E8 d. ndiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at" t5 {; ^( @( s1 ]0 w
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult8 W' l/ ?# W: V
height will not be affected.
8 F" o9 n% y% a+ UAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
& s* e# B  i) P# z6 }1 `9 F1 Rability of androgen products in our society may2 e! E/ J! H/ s2 Y9 \
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
: e, e  Q0 C1 m, _6 A! ichildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-, m6 V4 u( Y# _
gen products must be considered and specific ques-6 i6 J! n" e) a0 g
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or4 F4 M$ M( k" G% g' m3 ^
gel should be asked of the family members during
% [1 r% b" J: v" v$ Q' qthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
* Q0 m& F/ u  E# E- r% gilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
- u* F3 s5 F, U' q7 P% }* p5 jnosis can be established by just a few tests and by, l5 N# _' m: e, B& L% N. b- m
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
8 _% |$ V1 R9 s8 c& ihistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
/ R+ B) c) t. L1 v* D8 Hresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
5 Y' r; x5 r" G1 ]& hinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
" w; u+ o3 s1 [  ]2 L9 [aware of this fact, because most of these children( s( T4 o8 s- {8 _+ P
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’( a1 v% g. Q; b6 e# b/ Y" j; o/ J
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
' c8 k, ?/ ^8 h. Y/ }- D0 Wwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
6 r0 j* z. v! p/ wfemale child who might come in contact with some-
, s; M* S$ R4 h. x8 A& W( {4 cone using any of these products.% T# [0 ?% e& g
References' \: |- V1 b9 C( H$ M
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
9 K  F) R+ {" V. yand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
7 V% ^3 D" W5 L, j! h+ M/ Q. v: cEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
) Y! d% k: X" o2002: 565-628.7 |7 _3 ]) G! v0 [5 R
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious" g- N2 X  q! ?, d1 h3 p5 e
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

* c4 v0 C# X5 o8 y. U- j精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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