- 註冊時間
- 2023-5-6
- 精華
- 在線時間
- 小時
- 米币
-
- 最後登錄
- 1970-1-1
|
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02
|
顯示全部樓層
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old6 h5 \* F* ^" t- u! R) k1 R
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical6 H0 E; u3 t: M1 Q
Exposure to Testosterone
% k! d. a6 w) k' u. B" bSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,28 K0 t5 n6 {- Q3 n; \5 Q% u
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
9 [4 B8 O1 a wClinical Pediatrics) {7 t4 _. m/ J; W Q
Volume 46 Number 6
5 a: d) m4 K6 n+ uJuly 2007 540-543% T$ |% o& R5 m0 x- p' B2 x5 S
© 2007 Sage Publications
2 A- Y$ \, C4 y: ~2 f2 w10.1177/0009922806296651
5 ]1 C3 Y3 n }: I1 hhttp://clp.sagepub.com9 c* g; G: x; X4 }, ?' Q5 ]
hosted at# h3 Y, q1 K l0 S& S
http://online.sagepub.com
) s |9 A; }- v1 tPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
+ E+ Q9 Q0 Y( D( h9 uis a significant concern for physicians. Central; v9 |' ]8 H0 @+ V8 |
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
5 A/ q% I/ u7 S2 I$ s) E+ xthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
O% {3 Y" J/ K# R" u; p! Oa higher incidence of organic central nervous system+ _5 D6 R" d% ^6 B, a, {3 Y
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested* \# `- l$ @, @: K3 n5 C% X
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
a! ^ X$ F# C1 Q- Shair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
4 w3 U9 y/ t9 N/ T; Ocles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
/ J$ r; z& z, lreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
Z. \6 [; x* d% r8 \- F9 i! tenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
+ Q" ^# ^6 S4 ~8 L5 ^$ Yment without testicular enlargement, which was due
& F, h$ I# o& ~to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by) L" h6 W, B3 c( ?- a
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-8 w' v4 I( \7 z1 D6 u0 C
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this( a! l% ]- E1 a$ {4 p9 m) a
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of" y, ~2 }$ x8 a5 ]8 u; Z
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba- Z/ O& h2 M! c3 U, Q) b
bly more common than the rare case report in the
2 J* b0 z. B, K2 Y' M/ `$ s4 nliterature.4
$ L8 J; @1 d$ ^# g6 yPatient Report8 Y$ h+ }0 Z. i- `6 @% D& W
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the! K1 ^: p1 r( Z& ?$ t; v
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
# A) g: k; k) eof early sexual development. His mother noticed
3 S# j7 s# E5 |& Q8 {light colored pubic hair development when he was. `0 W0 `9 I+ Z+ ~- q0 N
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of/ Z$ a' I n: p
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
8 B( C/ @; Z/ V) X3 S7 }9 mAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
* h r2 A0 U/ i4 V# {* ~: _Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of# g5 O9 n" M% Y' p b
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
) o2 @6 N4 R+ e# Oe-mail: [email protected].
$ t, P5 a+ _& s9 ^$ \6 labout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
~. d5 P4 o1 e' ]darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
( d* H+ D% E0 E3 u ?ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child# w! Z5 q9 ^ D5 R4 x5 O! _
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with' {0 @' U3 s6 Q+ d. {
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
6 [4 Q4 f3 u) L5 x9 D! \$ O9 p' A20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year9 G3 Y7 H- A5 N; a
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
& ?, A4 c/ M! ysolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
+ i$ y6 s4 q) x0 z' n! T- G6 tand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
1 B* O, j" d6 S, X& g7 Y" h( {, t& Twas age appropriate.) K& `2 I0 Q& L$ I
The family history was remarkable for the father,
8 n. F6 o2 V& a! _7 Dwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,; l' T# F9 L1 W1 h
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
w6 W2 N) e* j& g! F, Sheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat$ J; d2 _/ U. U n3 _
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
* W! Z" g) f4 D. U1 B- O7 EThe father denied taking any other medication. The/ K& x: f3 r9 a
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche6 o$ T# C0 w1 K
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet$ J6 i( H9 ~" x1 [8 [$ _) M& ~2 i) ^
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
3 w: N. y. H9 bcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-1 u# s* S. X- ]
tives. There were no siblings.( ?8 ?6 R% H2 }* |+ K+ I
Physical Examination2 W0 {% v- |7 ~6 a
The physical examination revealed a very active,
2 w. s- d' i3 W s- V" Xplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented5 c) U& R5 h6 g" X( k, t# {: F
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was% b0 E; m, H' Y1 y
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
' _- W( m' o+ v) Y5 Z(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth9 [3 c% Z- X5 f9 b, \
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
/ j, B) f) ?* Rthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.3 j- ]2 w5 }$ d7 r
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for2 Q/ q* G/ p- I t" O3 a
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
, f5 a. o) }' S' O& h- L) P0 [8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well, z$ T ~( \8 `$ k2 l/ J2 ?
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
$ k) I5 H4 M( m( Y8 C( {540
3 N& T; p1 C* w; [( Zat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
' r |& l6 L0 X! fthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The0 _( E8 E: z" z' h# c. O* A
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
3 }5 B( k" i* U# ?% g0 [The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
! O# j" W8 g$ k1 q0 }oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
+ w5 p+ ?: Q! e8 [# ]; D- u3 yabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.! o: D( A+ d* I; f& [ w3 ?
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+9 O9 T1 s2 z; p+ @
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
+ f+ O2 L! m+ y) Gof papilledema.. a1 g) ~9 g! f% H! ~0 E' l( i5 ~
Laboratory Evaluation: g! b0 Q! u( k
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
) E) N+ ?, e/ s# |; r5 `8 r, musing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
1 Z d3 @+ A, d$ q/ slogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal$ H3 H; G+ j: r! Q
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
3 \" l9 L5 _9 n" a/ Tshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-7 _+ _7 ^6 N+ Z0 ]% F( |5 h; `& D
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).' \" Q' {2 r( ^: L( C( b# A
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood* y8 y S$ R/ C3 {" C
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were* J: ?" V' m! i X* n; d' w
within normal range for his age. The concentration( X! V6 P5 V0 y, d& r- ?1 N6 J
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
. [8 J$ T* j! R5 u9 m(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20* H7 w1 E/ j/ q7 X6 N( w- @9 [) M
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
, s2 e) ^5 `6 Dterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
' w: i) D/ B' b* T, Sdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
# ?) K" E- Q" p% s- }+ Z( T49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
2 k5 X- z1 B- }# o. qwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-7 W; }- A. s* L' Z' O3 D3 f
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
7 W- { }! T- b' q4 l. Rtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
) B' j& f2 n5 K3 Land β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
! I$ d& u# O$ ~2 ]3 R5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular. W5 A# S9 O' v$ [/ ^7 ]0 d
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone" f7 i9 X7 D2 X! x' K! [
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
$ X! W: p$ ]! i(prepubertal).
% E! ~7 O- g1 ?. w" SThe parents were notified about the laboratory
2 ?4 w3 U' o$ f" r' mresults and were informed that all of the tests were
5 u7 o4 b3 }3 }" v8 t) |0 mnormal except the testosterone level was high. The% h# j2 U/ X9 Z& e/ ~# H5 o( C- i
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
* f9 u6 ^9 ^ `( B3 X/ X# oobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-0 S2 E3 d6 A9 B. B+ }
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
% t p9 i( ^+ T/ K/ \Physical examination at this time revealed that the" s% D d! O$ v9 Q
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
/ Q) E; [% j* C/ d5 v1 r# o2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
1 P# L! c0 W; v0 y( z/ Runchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-: s; K/ J! e3 a; k& B
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at% i! h6 A3 A* O" S
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
) z/ Y+ U s* ~* D/ K- g2 jmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.$ i7 Q$ Z9 C# f! ~8 T6 @
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-0 W# r6 ?: [ G- l
ing frequent erections. |; m" t& @1 e+ N% x @
Both parents were again questioned about use of# G: p% P4 L8 x, z8 }/ ]3 m/ g" k
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to8 r, r: F' g' K# x2 y5 L! d
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the, J( U# U" F3 Z- B$ g. v8 P
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
+ a$ N9 [) F# r8 [, D* Ruse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
% V' k. i1 K, Y+ Z4 ], Iing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for' u" I* e( e& N( v
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed" N. I0 o0 `9 o# n. j
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
4 g! s5 Y% j1 a- Qscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
1 W, b0 {8 b* m0 ?5 `! H8 ~- q. csecondary to depression.
* P% |: n+ |6 s" C$ \& I4 e6 mThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
, n6 ^4 l5 y" n! FThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
0 Q1 t! P9 O; r: _chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-: \! }. U/ B1 }$ D& }( {
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father." V) A, X9 S- l9 j
The father also admitted that after the phone call,: i& N, g' E& q. z8 T5 S6 k
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby) |+ D: F- `6 V" b/ X
was high, he then read the product information
3 q4 _* t: A" X3 B; [packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-7 Z: Z1 a% u, x; w/ _
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they; e, M1 c! e _8 T
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the# i/ M! P: J u7 ?1 e& i
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
# X D, B$ C K/ ?" Vbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone$ I! A) f, q1 O1 ~ l6 j: e
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
0 Q8 `0 i. @- G; h3 vlaboratory to obtain the test.1 G4 I4 A3 n, z3 i( c5 w t+ ?
Discussion6 U0 k: j) w: ]
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary3 y( `; l/ F8 ?7 h: v+ s6 B& g6 S
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4; r1 j7 I! { a7 ]7 M* ~* G1 M
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
; L" k$ a' G4 D+ C8 ]$ v/ X* Hit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
; a; f$ X8 O' Pthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
. [# n* t$ G J! x8 G, amon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP( m2 w1 Q9 ]9 i1 [" T9 m4 \ d" N
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
8 e& K( Q/ Q8 j& f9 `' Lresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-5 s O4 o: F w) f- X* r) y: o
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
' }9 [; U$ a7 L' |; ?; Osis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
% o6 ], F4 i; |# L3 hboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
z$ h) ^9 S) c* J: k7 rization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-8 e4 L& M+ P; x* m+ ^) V* L5 f
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
7 y: S& D' {, d, f8 s9 V& qgonadotropins.1,3
2 |& t9 y' T6 d5 IGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
# \6 Y% l! K$ w/ R; vcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
+ n. n6 D4 {: c- R4 x6 aandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
. F+ M, S4 i2 p% \exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
+ l) B' p d) p3 {# ^% S% d8 a# Tulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
4 ?6 h3 W7 \) R; r, ^+ m" u+ \congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive( ^3 z* \4 v" S2 V' X
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious1 I8 A- v! H, P" J
puberty in boys.3,45 Y1 I+ c- Y( M; Q2 _) f7 n9 S4 a Z
The most common form of congenital adrenal! ^$ R; v$ A8 ^* z
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.6 d8 f, s! m/ _. m% N/ `6 I# @
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
9 w y) Z; Y" a1 X; @0 Y+ fexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,; }8 d. ]7 ?$ }9 x7 N2 i0 N
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen+ F/ J* R1 _% a1 z7 W$ ?
excess.1,3
1 ~, B8 V5 h9 }, l3 eat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from& x0 h. I( P {
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007: f$ L2 J/ S) A% g4 ]
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-& _% O2 A8 W3 `% q9 w
independent precocious puberty, which is also known! W- g# M0 p K. q& T" H: T4 M) u8 m" D5 q
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
, ]3 G/ @- H9 {5 C$ ^9 y _" [+ c( Rvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
8 f9 P+ j9 b* }7 D* ywith this disorder are full pubertal development,* k" ~! Y! s8 i6 y4 [' e( E* x
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
. p5 c- Z) x9 d6 k4 c7 ]with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
: u9 ~0 ]5 v4 B6 _ j7 j uare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
" X0 |/ u( G/ [: | C# T9 i- Tpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
3 X1 W$ }0 l6 w% n) u& x" t! I% Ureleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
$ c4 x" Q, l" Xautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
0 S8 E6 t$ K, d D2 `0 \0 E8 Q; [9 Nmales; therefore, other male members of the family
0 d3 u0 T, d( z6 I3 _* e% hmay have similar precocious puberty.3) a" D0 S" x/ ^8 s( T
In our patient, physical examination was incon-/ X- }: V5 Y& E p. f
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-$ r( ? T3 R- r$ M# \* R
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis, Y+ V' m% R6 p4 ?* u+ u
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
" R5 ]1 k6 [4 E2 n2 ~, @started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
) s) s/ m4 P) D% ~testicular enlargement is not that evident in the3 v; M6 R5 {9 C" {- p: Q
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
: Q( o9 T* U- H& c8 `1 F4 Oative initial history of androgen exposure, our
0 k7 j, k3 h3 [5 N1 }/ xbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,# l. I0 I, ]7 @& f1 a. R9 d
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase) P; A' x* q# [ G2 ~
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
* T S4 _1 C! O- \/ fing the normal level of adrenal steroids.& Z2 r1 B. k5 t+ Z* d
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
* b; f) F; o" o; z$ A. Jsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because- \, f0 r' I0 w
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
" ?8 Z( g4 L5 _, S- f" Lpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and: B' `; u8 D6 Z. ]' _
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-5 N/ \4 I8 m1 C
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
& m+ g& i3 x; N2 Busing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’& }# x' B) g+ N( W* V
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
" ^7 N& L/ |7 [$ a& J9 x. B* ?cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to) L2 Y' E+ w8 l7 `* d8 F
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.. Y1 z6 |5 c+ u- |" M7 c
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the, w8 @( G, m' t0 X, O& |. @
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
) ` l/ |4 Q- D- \even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
' X: y5 Q8 U- d- O c4 tpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
& ^' N0 }5 a. _tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
/ B4 ?( ]4 Z9 [% j7 |6 @Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,$ \1 O+ D) G. Z& d
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
: A/ N% k) _. T/ J) {dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos- K3 W! H# c7 W3 P
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
" t0 e! J# z# y2 K8 ]" h( H8 Q4 ^/ ~active in young children exposed to testosterone' v) k5 x: N7 s& X' p
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-$ {: D4 @% A4 u- J+ b
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to1 T8 f4 z* w, k" q
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
. E9 r3 a1 |6 `, P Rchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and7 p# q; C/ t( e8 M0 D% U! S: l( c
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
' \0 {& R! L/ XThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
2 k$ C; u+ l( d' l% Uearly childhood on pubertal development and final# t5 K" D+ Z& N* m
adult height are not fully known and always remain- W2 h0 C5 i: K; F" b! |
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-. C. a- ?8 z* k
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some( O H. S2 [& @* S* z; h
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
$ q; w+ @: I# m2 i( ccessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
% a" ] `! a7 n6 P. Q3 o# X4 vdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
& W* O1 j$ U0 N7 W: A+ E$ O% e3 cThere are conflicting reports and controversy
8 _' Z" T. A- s! [7 sover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
9 v# w7 W3 H0 S4 ^penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
: J0 d+ v% E( i) y- j( P" `adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-1 E$ u0 m2 u1 x/ \
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,4 x( V7 O8 e7 v! S$ Z- P9 a
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
5 Q4 K- ~0 n0 Ychildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
7 X/ V% C" B. [, ^. k. _. t3 xpenile length in clinical studies.1 ]+ ~+ q% K2 B: `
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
9 e+ j& ]% ~$ x9 I2 [) u. ~going to experience any of the untoward effects from
% _3 D/ O0 W, a L7 Z* C0 mtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
/ K1 E$ N, X I$ W; [the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
( v0 a9 X& P4 K4 d8 OAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of+ l& }$ m! _. z
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
3 K6 T/ |7 n3 z. G$ r3 q8 \# dthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
3 h9 l/ }) Q$ ~6 Nheight will not be affected.8 k" f; \/ H9 p- A f
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-' M- j2 z. L O* L/ h# s X0 p0 u
ability of androgen products in our society may+ A; S6 [! |, k0 t
indeed cause more virilization in male or female/ h3 p u! o( x$ b* I$ E8 b* H
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-! I1 q. ?) l- H, i% r
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
% h' U# t9 u* _1 N$ I# jtioning about the use of a testosterone product or2 S# D* f! l$ D. ?5 u& I; ~$ i4 {
gel should be asked of the family members during
. j5 t6 k# L3 F! | kthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-0 i8 Z2 a# E; v* x
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-, ~$ G$ K- C/ L4 w; A: ]1 g8 _
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
) `. w! Q" T* D8 qappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
4 u5 O- ?, [& K. [6 ~# v% N5 phistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may8 V: Q: B& n# t) s- C
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
# I$ P. x# O8 E9 Zinvestigation. The primary care physician should be' ^( \6 H" u w# F# C
aware of this fact, because most of these children
+ s& G# v0 T- u+ }7 Hmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’, L( `* \4 f$ P- a+ r9 }
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
( b. K* Y+ A6 d# R1 ~7 i9 uwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or; C, c( U4 z* ~# `0 O- t
female child who might come in contact with some-& N1 j& u" ?& }) y0 ^4 x& a! E' V
one using any of these products.
0 \* V0 J% S9 x2 fReferences A2 Y& Q/ s& s" {& H) s
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
) D( ~! t/ w# i+ `6 V* r2 uand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric* A& J2 U1 K5 j F G5 j3 g
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;) l% a; V9 N* W# e' x) y
2002: 565-628.
9 \* O+ [7 f1 D5 y3 ], {! H" N2 {$ r2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
' u0 @! E# H9 S8 Mpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
|