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鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
0 D! f4 N6 L% Q6 LBoy Induced by Indirect Topical" b  V. B, U- Q: ~0 B
Exposure to Testosterone
2 U& l7 z) m0 ISamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,25 W2 X# A0 G1 o! f
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1' O, M: e0 K6 C* R  [
Clinical Pediatrics# W! i. S7 N+ p! l* j
Volume 46 Number 6
+ Q  A' {% @: y; \# b2 a+ oJuly 2007 540-543
# C9 T) y3 ~; C# K4 e© 2007 Sage Publications, Q0 @: S& A! Q) |  R8 n
10.1177/0009922806296651' v) k4 g& ~" Z# v% j" p. v
http://clp.sagepub.com
+ f& r& @7 i4 E& n! ehosted at
! p+ Q! w+ u# f) v! \1 t) @0 Qhttp://online.sagepub.com
% _! D% A3 R/ t0 U5 zPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,! {- C0 y* {- d& Q! v" G
is a significant concern for physicians. Central2 a, z) `' i- e2 M; s0 E
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated8 f5 T+ N- @. n. A
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has% Q# G' j& g2 o) ?6 O
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system6 o  a. J/ Q7 L$ m/ a* j1 M
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested) Z  f/ s7 s2 G
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic- m  X, L4 h- ?- ^
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-) w6 ]9 n% h5 ?. t& Z
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
8 ?  W  l: N: a, p* `4 zreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
' c% G* M! i! g' y/ L6 R  {enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
! |/ G  y* r. }ment without testicular enlargement, which was due% S. G! C, a9 C+ o/ k. g5 T* O0 N7 X0 R
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by4 Y% h& Z( P3 w" e
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
  \, R3 S8 W1 Z* d% A, r. H4 imation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
6 p/ x) s  c$ c$ ychild. Given the widespread and easy availability of) D& b( O$ [! i4 r. p4 r1 U* A
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
+ f; z1 W/ c5 `+ \' d2 Cbly more common than the rare case report in the
9 |  V9 v  O. K; p# j- ^6 K& ^literature.4% t" i( |5 k3 Q; ]
Patient Report
- H; K0 V9 L1 `A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
. o, C7 K0 B0 k3 K. F4 r' Q" Nendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
$ C+ E0 ?2 V9 c3 vof early sexual development. His mother noticed
) F) k, s0 Z' ]7 y. _' ulight colored pubic hair development when he was7 V/ k& U  V6 q
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
& {2 U- g) @+ m' qSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.2 \: z" h, r2 I% @
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,6 z4 s5 k$ ~; f2 U" s
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of& M7 D& z1 `, s' C# v0 ]
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;  m0 }$ N, p0 a7 u2 `3 z3 y9 N
e-mail: [email protected].4 s- j% p& U1 V* g
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
( p+ d" v8 ~; A8 wdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-! m) _8 C& j% K( |, |- n  X) S6 Z
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
$ z; C" u  l% C, o6 iwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
4 `8 e% z2 B/ S+ Ea birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
/ i& M3 B% U" n5 K3 L20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
9 k: ^$ l& f- Nof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
+ j  I6 f. q, @8 usolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
+ v+ L2 C: g0 g+ X: j2 I+ ~and his psychosocial and psychomotor development- f( R% B+ B( N# z1 j+ |
was age appropriate." Q7 D% W0 `1 q
The family history was remarkable for the father,5 N% k  {/ S  a1 d
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,+ K1 N2 A9 R) B' |# e$ k2 w* R
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s: W; g( m2 U" w/ t3 S: ?0 k
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat1 N" g6 x3 k4 T
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.! h" l# k. G6 t# Z$ q# t
The father denied taking any other medication. The
/ p! a/ _( F$ j9 qchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche! v2 u# t9 L! F1 [  V1 J8 M' S
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
# L/ ~$ Y2 b. J& F5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
& e4 u. V  D& ]( {) R/ Hcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
( u) X3 Y4 F3 x8 l5 Ktives. There were no siblings.
3 o1 |4 p2 z( i* g  X5 ?& [Physical Examination6 m- X% J3 D6 @- R9 t% U7 X; Q
The physical examination revealed a very active," C* T; c& e4 f$ N) i1 z# V; M
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented" Z1 X% f, A- a) d  h; Y  F# H) y0 W
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was' o* h; Z: e# ~" T8 x/ e
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
1 E) a4 H) c% J4 Q2 D(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth( Q1 B) {) ^5 l
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of# k+ Q8 i/ s: E- Q
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.% F2 ^6 b6 a1 ?: U% @) ~7 W
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for% V4 n8 D1 z6 A9 ~5 \
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
: S% s5 s5 I3 C- v" l8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well$ S& K7 \+ U" g3 f! C4 O2 Z
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
+ z# {9 U, h8 O" I6 k5407 o+ e( i7 g% w- s
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from( S3 E: |2 O# \* C3 ]7 r' F- u
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The& [# G& q# Z/ ]6 f) M8 x
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
/ |, t5 }' ]# W0 }/ I3 ZThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
0 {, v" o; `* g0 C2 Z& q  koily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
$ g: K$ Y: g3 gabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
5 _# O! b" m' K0 V/ FNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
( K8 g2 f. G  N8 Dbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
4 i8 _- C( R& J- }( Pof papilledema.1 j1 r: b% e3 B* W7 [3 L
Laboratory Evaluation
' s$ s/ W; c' v& i7 t# pThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
1 i  B1 A1 l6 }2 n8 j* x6 n5 |' kusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-6 j2 k! C/ s* P+ t  J  ^1 d
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
9 A1 N* q4 d9 k, [8 _karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
5 r6 A1 s5 s+ o) I, Yshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-7 S& I) A& P2 j
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).4 `1 {/ D" p( x
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood/ e0 ?" |* c, \' t& F& D
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were" [) T+ y# o" u7 }' G; i. Y
within normal range for his age. The concentration4 b. Z/ }1 c! }, `1 x0 l8 r3 B( F" Y6 H
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL  y1 v0 n' `4 ]0 j/ V
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 200 d, D5 U6 s/ [+ t5 }) U% b
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-- V- d( ^8 ^5 Q
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),* i9 s: A9 W0 Y$ a4 `: F
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
0 z" Y* Q% i  E0 \3 ~0 C# i49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
& ~2 ]3 a0 w! P5 Pwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-  \* ^% ~) @, G
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
  X, Q3 z* K3 ]0 N3 }- Utestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL)," x& u. w6 }. a
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than5 E8 S: x" W( o: O, U9 w( G" x
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
% ~& K& j0 E- `1 y8 ~2 \/ hstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
8 A/ U7 Q9 F7 @: |$ Lconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL1 o. B( Q/ R* U/ M
(prepubertal).1 j0 Y7 p% j  y7 A% ^
The parents were notified about the laboratory- B9 L  L! L) R& R2 Y( Z5 n: ~
results and were informed that all of the tests were
2 S7 a  m' h  |8 mnormal except the testosterone level was high. The. y/ o. }+ U3 ?* ~
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to7 o# l' K2 M" H' y
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-( ^9 k" }2 ^3 e1 l( d
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.8 @$ j  t" c5 v3 q& j2 z6 {' u: F/ b2 r: O
Physical examination at this time revealed that the2 }" V" C; S1 ^% o
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
3 g9 A0 y1 H3 C# T* x  F$ {2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained; Q$ Q2 w' j6 j- p. e9 j% s% L# D) D
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
7 C; X6 ]. z) zpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at% V4 d  Y) _: L* l7 J" l3 j
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2* Y# f# A& v, v7 t7 z$ l" a
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.! Q$ e$ w2 w2 V$ W1 ~
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-! ?5 Z' ]: g$ L6 i
ing frequent erections.
6 K* @/ y) x, U3 x' q# WBoth parents were again questioned about use of
1 e' z5 F0 q4 w% kany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
$ D2 H% k9 O8 F7 }0 L' Ethe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
' f" ]" g! ?; U) U2 wTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
, ?' H8 V% K  w* J# y! C2 H/ u  nuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
- ?4 w- b9 @& W2 ^* ging over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
5 |, V! g+ U% m5 o" q4 }a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed8 I1 ~, g5 g$ s  B& Y, }3 n8 n. Q1 y
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
) o. t4 b: z8 ?1 U7 M2 sscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
" M5 H0 R  q8 H6 S. {6 G0 n# gsecondary to depression.
- s8 z. G4 w8 M- s9 ZThe child slept in the same bed with parents., ?% D7 N' O# S4 ?# C' E3 P4 g0 a
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
! ~. N* K/ |$ }) h/ X# V0 q% gchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
! a7 s' n) `2 S, W" ?& hnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
$ c6 X2 ^  w/ SThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
9 z2 b3 h8 s1 D6 F2 R  x! awhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby& Y9 d+ o' r) y( _; c
was high, he then read the product information
: w6 h4 u7 L% Q* w& R# Jpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
2 k) k; ?/ K! L0 n% bson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they# e7 A. k% X2 c7 S: H0 |; v
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
' T$ m4 f( H! i- s3 Cfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had2 p- t. R4 d5 {8 a) i/ c
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone9 i  W  B+ v" ]; h0 p$ x1 i- h* N
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the5 R8 ~) L. g6 I! S$ n; D* ]
laboratory to obtain the test.4 z! q9 f8 S" R$ D
Discussion
0 H/ l% o0 w0 DPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary2 T4 T5 k' B) J* u8 E' p. i4 u
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
' K4 b, `, G( u2 rPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when* [$ p: N. D2 t9 D2 ^
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-9 X$ o2 @1 \$ e; ^
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-& w" H/ r% ?4 P& C
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP, s7 A8 K% h6 J
may have a central nervous system lesion that is9 X" l) \+ S- a0 o0 C" b" H; t7 H
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
6 @) _( F0 F$ hamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-1 S$ ]2 l2 u8 z& U: B
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in3 I, d8 m/ l- H9 l% |3 Y; L
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-8 g4 z. ?( [- a6 [3 A- a; l6 V) C
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
5 j5 ?# h: F# z, Frical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by7 K  A0 l1 \- d
gonadotropins.1,3+ e2 [% Z* s% N& ]! r) |) u0 w" D( z) N
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
% k7 v" r3 N4 e" G: A, |cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
" g) R. D/ t3 a9 C* d& \androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
: x+ \4 Y: v& p# Bexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-8 c+ V" ^0 C! w
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
! l0 L. o: Q/ f  i6 C# x  W: qcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
1 E8 g$ G+ p3 uadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
  s- j- D, \$ T2 w# |" }. Xpuberty in boys.3,49 z" t4 a6 Q* {+ k3 I" m& |
The most common form of congenital adrenal
) {5 t/ U& T) g8 i) R; r  `hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
) u# K- B9 t- x4 E( L# O" uThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
, m/ Q+ B8 f1 n+ v6 `1 Cexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
/ N) m6 o& u% w* @9 Wan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
3 C$ ^7 t8 w" b( Q6 \excess.1,3& [1 C6 y. Q/ D+ f( r) X* K
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
) L6 L8 o$ |3 W7 c: S542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
1 j$ {- U% C' i6 i0 q' a. AA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
- S* s+ Q+ e1 f! c9 s! |/ Rindependent precocious puberty, which is also known0 w6 |. z$ h6 k# v/ k' U
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
/ U- ?# t. K& H8 }" a. L  [; hvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
- B7 T; W/ m5 G' c' g" r0 [with this disorder are full pubertal development,- c! N. s! a- \
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
1 I8 \( g/ e# j5 V2 N+ rwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder& U. P1 n. c- v
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show  f8 i) [% G6 c* [7 v  w: v7 n# f
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
: a6 @/ x7 C. hreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
* }8 n! P( V# O, K2 a8 dautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
9 ]1 E+ R, E! o& ^, umales; therefore, other male members of the family
$ }, n3 s. r- v; U1 Wmay have similar precocious puberty.3+ U6 q: a/ }1 M/ k2 ~
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
* `$ V1 |# j  b9 csistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
, |8 g/ J+ z4 X9 wcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis4 x+ @( Z( C* y' }
was in the differential diagnosis because his father; ~, G8 n5 E7 E9 x! V4 P
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
. L+ G0 c$ A, V0 o: w  u4 x. Rtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
" \7 V4 w6 k3 S" G+ rbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-+ W% @1 }5 q2 P1 I/ y" q" G* ~1 f
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
; f  a$ y7 W' c- h4 O8 X: I1 sbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,  d7 W2 L8 v, {" L; o0 w
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
+ A2 c: C" }1 T6 u1 Udeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-/ e  R5 C  I  d4 A/ E  A
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.8 L" K" F" f% h; c% v" F, N
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly- _0 _* r% l, A9 ?/ \) k$ C; ?
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because7 W% {' g* [9 e$ `% `3 s. u
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
# ^6 W  v( u4 u; \/ V4 z+ ~pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and# e& L  V) Q. d2 B$ v
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
1 _. {( v, N. p6 mterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was4 v8 }7 F; {( P* p
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’" \: B# f0 z1 u9 I3 f* k5 x
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or" V: ]9 o/ Y6 i5 c3 Z% Z5 T0 Q6 U
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
- U& i0 U! g) ]' y, N/ L0 I4 ounprotected females through direct skin exposure.
+ ~; k+ O6 }* z& iSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
3 N" u7 X8 u4 j+ ~baseline value in those females who were exposed to  z0 R/ h& g1 E' |
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
+ r) q7 z- G* W5 v( \: W5 [partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
7 u0 w' L+ s" L: ttion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.4 k8 `( t, l+ Z1 N9 E
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,; L* u# m$ S4 L. H1 r
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that) E# v  }% _  Z4 l6 c; u
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
  i; ~; @- {) x/ A; \8 s% X. q- hterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more# P% W' a7 Y: A  e0 \' i: x
active in young children exposed to testosterone
+ y  l8 T+ _/ K) ?exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-4 H4 f# E/ Z4 d3 @$ }+ }, Q
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to- v2 r) ~" S. ]" b8 @, d
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
7 Q1 X- r  d% }2 G+ H; }: l1 X) tchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and6 ]2 g1 s2 |. m
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
% W2 J) P1 T. }The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
% J) O+ n1 m' ]8 F9 jearly childhood on pubertal development and final3 e- c" ~7 C/ v& S. i
adult height are not fully known and always remain4 G9 E. v1 Z3 l$ t6 ~
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
0 j2 G, T' x3 g3 ?! wterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some3 A' z/ P* W3 m& |. D
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
" t& h8 u) h7 e6 Scessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation+ y) e* Q: @, r. z
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9  v; Y, O' l, m/ b" J
There are conflicting reports and controversy
6 R7 u# g$ y: {! a* V1 i& Dover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
/ p, q/ B* s1 g, S, Hpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
: |$ A$ A; m+ k; Padult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
$ M% h+ w& x; x* _3 {ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,+ N) e( n/ q& V% l. H3 K$ ^
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
- I) |; u( c* u' ]: B3 _/ Hchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
: P* [; U2 _  R- j: Upenile length in clinical studies.
7 Q8 W2 y  g. v# w3 [; d- WNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
4 B4 h, t  o7 |5 g4 Z+ S( }going to experience any of the untoward effects from
' \! J8 E8 s& x! e0 u4 e3 ctestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because. A; ^% N- d# q% A2 J) o& p0 ~
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.% H3 i# ?( M9 G/ n: `3 j& M4 y
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of( |' J# v6 x3 Q8 _( d, C
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
' ]6 L; h6 K6 i8 Cthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult! R0 h1 X# y, i1 x2 g, x
height will not be affected.
6 X6 ]0 J& p- U4 f6 aAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-% L5 P3 Y6 C5 U) c' ^0 _
ability of androgen products in our society may: u4 \. ?! l$ k" y7 ?9 C' L0 M
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
4 O: }4 _; k2 B# kchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
$ f  n/ p/ k) N7 \/ W  _! l  Cgen products must be considered and specific ques-
4 E" m3 P) R/ B) wtioning about the use of a testosterone product or
0 Q4 `6 j  \" |4 G; F/ d; agel should be asked of the family members during4 d- Q8 [; A: W
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
8 K% n: a0 l0 k& }* Milization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
' @1 H3 E& c/ g( }0 o% m6 h  [nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
8 R% J9 Z+ }+ C8 V! S  @/ W* y* x( Uappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a4 l* H" L0 D+ w6 U1 Z
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
4 {' Q! L* s7 |result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive8 {- x) @* r4 t" T
investigation. The primary care physician should be7 h- F  A( X- m3 |' t
aware of this fact, because most of these children9 J, e% I. F) G8 I. i
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
8 O0 c% [5 F0 D$ s) tDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
) Q- i1 I: M4 j( d+ q* rwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
0 C) a% p) ~$ H5 N% B  Gfemale child who might come in contact with some-( O; f1 K$ a# B+ L
one using any of these products.+ T) c4 E+ L6 F/ \: d8 Q; p8 t; Q
References: m/ f7 @" x' _; G
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation% J/ ]3 c' X; Q9 ^
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric1 `7 Q4 ^3 N. [! b6 @! T$ c
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
* `) E# p6 I6 x9 p9 P2002: 565-628.
2 U! |$ u# C  H" K* y2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
0 X# Z! j3 J! c  G! L: Opuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old6 h5 \* F* ^" t- u! R) k1 R
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical6 H0 E; u3 t: M1 Q
Exposure to Testosterone
% k! d. a6 w) k' u. B" bSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,28 K0 t5 n6 {- Q3 n; \5 Q% u
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
9 [4 B8 O1 a  wClinical Pediatrics) {7 t4 _. m/ J; W  Q
Volume 46 Number 6
5 a: d) m4 K6 n+ uJuly 2007 540-543% T$ |% o& R5 m0 x- p' B2 x5 S
© 2007 Sage Publications
2 A- Y$ \, C4 y: ~2 f2 w10.1177/0009922806296651
5 ]1 C3 Y3 n  }: I1 hhttp://clp.sagepub.com9 c* g; G: x; X4 }, ?' Q5 ]
hosted at# h3 Y, q1 K  l0 S& S
http://online.sagepub.com
) s  |9 A; }- v1 tPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
+ E+ Q9 Q0 Y( D( h9 uis a significant concern for physicians. Central; v9 |' ]8 H0 @+ V8 |
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
5 A/ q% I/ u7 S2 I$ s) E+ xthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
  O% {3 Y" J/ K# R" u; p! Oa higher incidence of organic central nervous system+ _5 D6 R" d% ^6 B, a, {3 Y
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested* \# `- l$ @, @: K3 n5 C% X
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
  a! ^  X$ F# C1 Q- Shair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
4 w3 U9 y/ t9 N/ T; Ocles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
/ J$ r; z& z, lreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
  Z. \6 [; x* d% r8 \- F9 i! tenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
+ Q" ^# ^6 S4 ~8 L5 ^$ Yment without testicular enlargement, which was due
& F, h$ I# o& ~to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by) L" h6 W, B3 c( ?- a
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-8 w' v4 I( \7 z1 D6 u0 C
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this( a! l% ]- E1 a$ {4 p9 m) a
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of" y, ~2 }$ x8 a5 ]8 u; Z
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-  Z/ O& h2 M! c3 U, Q) b
bly more common than the rare case report in the
2 J* b0 z. B, K2 Y' M/ `$ s4 nliterature.4
$ L8 J; @1 d$ ^# g6 yPatient Report8 Y$ h+ }0 Z. i- `6 @% D& W
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the! K1 ^: p1 r( Z& ?$ t; v
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
# A) g: k; k) eof early sexual development. His mother noticed
3 S# j7 s# E5 |& Q8 {light colored pubic hair development when he was. `0 W0 `9 I+ Z+ ~- q0 N
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of/ Z$ a' I  n: p
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
8 B( C/ @; Z/ V) X3 S7 }9 mAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
* h  r2 A0 U/ i4 V# {* ~: _Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of# g5 O9 n" M% Y' p  b
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
) o2 @6 N4 R+ e# Oe-mail: [email protected].
$ t, P5 a+ _& s9 ^$ \6 labout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
  ~. d5 P4 o1 e' ]darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
( d* H+ D% E0 E3 u  ?ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child# w! Z5 q9 ^  D5 R4 x5 O! _
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with' {0 @' U3 s6 Q+ d. {
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
6 [4 Q4 f3 u) L5 x9 D! \$ O9 p' A20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year9 G3 Y7 H- A5 N; a
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
& ?, A4 c/ M! ysolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
+ i$ y6 s4 q) x0 z' n! T- G6 tand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
1 B* O, j" d6 S, X& g7 Y" h( {, t& Twas age appropriate.) K& `2 I0 Q& L$ I
The family history was remarkable for the father,
8 n. F6 o2 V& a! _7 Dwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,; l' T# F9 L1 W1 h
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
  w6 W2 N) e* j& g! F, Sheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat$ J; d2 _/ U. U  n3 _
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
* W! Z" g) f4 D. U1 B- O7 EThe father denied taking any other medication. The/ K& x: f3 r9 a
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche6 o$ T# C0 w1 K
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet$ J6 i( H9 ~" x1 [8 [$ _) M& ~2 i) ^
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
3 w: N. y. H9 bcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-1 u# s* S. X- ]
tives. There were no siblings.( ?8 ?6 R% H2 }* |+ K+ I
Physical Examination2 W0 {% v- |7 ~6 a
The physical examination revealed a very active,
2 w. s- d' i3 W  s- V" Xplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented5 c) U& R5 h6 g" X( k, t# {: F
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was% b0 E; m, H' Y1 y
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
' _- W( m' o+ v) Y5 Z(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth9 [3 c% Z- X5 f9 b, \
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
/ j, B) f) ?* Rthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.3 j- ]2 w5 }$ d7 r
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for2 Q/ q* G/ p- I  t" O3 a
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
, f5 a. o) }' S' O& h- L) P0 [8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well, z$ T  ~( \8 `$ k2 l/ J2 ?
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
$ k) I5 H4 M( m( Y8 C( {540
3 N& T; p1 C* w; [( Zat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
' r  |& l6 L0 X! fthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The0 _( E8 E: z" z' h# c. O* A
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
3 }5 B( k" i* U# ?% g0 [The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
! O# j" W8 g$ k1 q0 }oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
+ w5 p+ ?: Q! e8 [# ]; D- u3 yabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.! o: D( A+ d* I; f& [  w3 ?
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+9 O9 T1 s2 z; p+ @
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
+ f+ O2 L! m+ y) Gof papilledema.. a1 g) ~9 g! f% H! ~0 E' l( i5 ~
Laboratory Evaluation: g! b0 Q! u( k
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
) E) N+ ?, e/ s# |; r5 `8 r, musing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
1 Z  d3 @+ A, d$ q/ slogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal$ H3 H; G+ j: r! Q
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
3 \" l9 L5 _9 n" a/ Tshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-7 _+ _7 ^6 N+ Z0 ]% F( |5 h; `& D
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).' \" Q' {2 r( ^: L( C( b# A
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood* y8 y  S$ R/ C3 {" C
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were* J: ?" V' m! i  X* n; d' w
within normal range for his age. The concentration( X! V6 P5 V0 y, d& r- ?1 N6 J
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
. [8 J$ T* j! R5 u9 m(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20* H7 w1 E/ j/ q7 X6 N( w- @9 [) M
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
, s2 e) ^5 `6 Dterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
' w: i) D/ B' b* T, Sdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
# ?) K" E- Q" p% s- }+ Z( T49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
2 k5 X- z1 B- }# o. qwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-7 W; }- A. s* L' Z' O3 D3 f
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
7 W- {  }! T- b' q4 l. Rtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
) B' j& f2 n5 K3 Land β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
! I$ d& u# O$ ~2 ]3 R5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular. W5 A# S9 O' v$ [/ ^7 ]0 d
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone" f7 i9 X7 D2 X! x' K! [
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
$ X! W: p$ ]! i(prepubertal).
% E! ~7 O- g1 ?. w" SThe parents were notified about the laboratory
2 ?4 w3 U' o$ f" r' mresults and were informed that all of the tests were
5 u7 o4 b3 }3 }" v8 t) |0 mnormal except the testosterone level was high. The% h# j2 U/ X9 Z& e/ ~# H5 o( C- i
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
* f9 u6 ^9 ^  `( B3 X/ X# oobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-0 S2 E3 d6 A9 B. B+ }
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
% t  p9 i( ^+ T/ K/ \Physical examination at this time revealed that the" s% D  d! O$ v9 Q
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
/ Q) E; [% j* C/ d5 v1 r# o2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
1 P# L! c0 W; v0 y( z/ Runchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-: s; K/ J! e3 a; k& B
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at% i! h6 A3 A* O" S
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
) z/ Y+ U  s* ~* D/ K- g2 jmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.$ i7 Q$ Z9 C# f! ~8 T6 @
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-0 W# r6 ?: [  G- l
ing frequent erections.  |; m" t& @1 e+ N% x  @
Both parents were again questioned about use of# G: p% P4 L8 x, z8 }/ ]3 m/ g" k
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to8 r, r: F' g' K# x2 y5 L! d
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the, J( U# U" F3 Z- B$ g. v8 P
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
+ a$ N9 [) F# r8 [, D* Ruse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
% V' k. i1 K, Y+ Z4 ], Iing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for' u" I* e( e& N( v
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed" N. I0 o0 `9 o# n. j
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
4 g! s5 Y% j1 a- Qscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
1 W, b0 {8 b* m0 ?5 `! H8 ~- q. csecondary to depression.
* P% |: n+ |6 s" C$ \& I4 e6 mThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
, n6 ^4 l5 y" n! FThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
0 Q1 t! P9 O; r: _chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-: \! }. U/ B1 }$ D& }( {
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father." V) A, X9 S- l9 j
The father also admitted that after the phone call,: i& N, g' E& q. z8 T5 S6 k
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby) |+ D: F- `6 V" b/ X
was high, he then read the product information
3 q4 _* t: A" X3 B; [packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-7 Z: Z1 a% u, x; w/ _
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they; e, M1 c! e  _8 T
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the# i/ M! P: J  u7 ?1 e& i
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
# X  D, B$ C  K/ ?" Vbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone$ I! A) f, q1 O1 ~  l6 j: e
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
0 Q8 `0 i. @- G; h3 vlaboratory to obtain the test.1 G4 I4 A3 n, z3 i( c5 w  t+ ?
Discussion6 U0 k: j) w: ]
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary3 y( `; l/ F8 ?7 h: v+ s6 B& g6 S
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4; r1 j7 I! {  a7 ]7 M* ~* G1 M
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
; L" k$ a' G4 D+ C8 ]$ v/ X* Hit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
; a; f$ X8 O' Pthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
. [# n* t$ G  J! x8 G, amon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP( m2 w1 Q9 ]9 i1 [" T9 m4 \  d" N
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
8 e& K( Q/ Q8 j& f9 `' Lresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-5 s  O4 o: F  w) f- X* r) y: o
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
' }9 [; U$ a7 L' |; ?; Osis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
% o6 ], F4 i; |# L3 hboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
  z$ h) ^9 S) c* J: k7 rization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-8 e4 L& M+ P; x* m+ ^) V* L5 f
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
7 y: S& D' {, d, f8 s9 V& qgonadotropins.1,3
2 |& t9 y' T6 d5 IGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
# \6 Y% l! K$ w/ R; vcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
+ n. n6 D4 {: c- R4 x6 aandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
. F+ M, S4 i2 p% \exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
+ l) B' p  d) p3 {# ^% S% d8 a# Tulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
4 ?6 h3 W7 \) R; r, ^+ m" u+ \congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive( ^3 z* \4 v" S2 V' X
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious1 I8 A- v! H, P" J
puberty in boys.3,45 Y1 I+ c- Y( M; Q2 _) f7 n9 S4 a  Z
The most common form of congenital adrenal! ^$ R; v$ A8 ^* z
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.6 d8 f, s! m/ _. m% N/ `6 I# @
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
9 w  y) Z; Y" a1 X; @0 Y+ fexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,; }8 d. ]7 ?$ }9 x7 N2 i0 N
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen+ F/ J* R1 _% a1 z7 W$ ?
excess.1,3
1 ~, B8 V5 h9 }, l3 eat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from& x0 h. I( P  {
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007: f$ L2 J/ S) A% g4 ]
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-& _% O2 A8 W3 `% q9 w
independent precocious puberty, which is also known! W- g# M0 p  K. q& T" H: T4 M) u8 m" D5 q
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
, ]3 G/ @- H9 {5 C$ ^9 y  _" [+ c( Rvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
8 f9 P+ j9 b* }7 D* ywith this disorder are full pubertal development,* k" ~! Y! s8 i6 y4 [' e( E* x
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
. p5 c- Z) x9 d6 k4 c7 ]with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
: u9 ~0 ]5 v4 B6 _  j7 j  uare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
" X0 |/ u( G/ [: |  C# T9 i- Tpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
3 X1 W$ }0 l6 w% n) u& x" t! I% Ureleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
$ c4 x" Q, l" Xautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
0 S8 E6 t$ K, d  D2 `0 \0 E8 Q; [9 Nmales; therefore, other male members of the family
0 d3 u0 T, d( z6 I3 _* e% hmay have similar precocious puberty.3) a" D0 S" x/ ^8 s( T
In our patient, physical examination was incon-/ X- }: V5 Y& E  p. f
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-$ r( ?  T3 R- r$ M# \* R
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis, Y+ V' m% R6 p4 ?* u+ u
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
" R5 ]1 k6 [4 E2 n2 ~, @started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
) s) s/ m4 P) D% ~testicular enlargement is not that evident in the3 v; M6 R5 {9 C" {- p: Q
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
: Q( o9 T* U- H& c8 `1 F4 Oative initial history of androgen exposure, our
0 k7 j, k3 h3 [5 N1 }/ xbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,# l. I0 I, ]7 @& f1 a. R9 d
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase) P; A' x* q# [  G2 ~
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
* T  S4 _1 C! O- \/ fing the normal level of adrenal steroids.& Z2 r1 B. k5 t+ Z* d
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
* b; f) F; o" o; z$ A. Jsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because- \, f0 r' I0 w
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
" ?8 Z( g4 L5 _, S- f" Lpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and: B' `; u8 D6 Z. ]' _
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-5 N/ \4 I8 m1 C
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
& m+ g& i3 x; N2 Busing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’& }# x' B) g+ N( W* V
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
" ^7 N& L/ |7 [$ a& J9 x. B* ?cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to) L2 Y' E+ w8 l7 `* d8 F
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.. Y1 z6 |5 c+ u- |" M7 c
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the, w8 @( G, m' t0 X, O& |. @
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
) `  l/ |4 Q- D- \even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
' X: y5 Q8 U- d- O  c4 tpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
& ^' N0 }5 a. _tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
/ B4 ?( ]4 Z9 [% j7 |6 @Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,$ \1 O+ D) G. Z& d
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
: A/ N% k) _. T/ J) {dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-  K3 W! H# c7 W3 P
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
" t0 e! J# z# y2 K8 ]" h( H8 Q4 ^/ ~active in young children exposed to testosterone' v) k5 x: N7 s& X' p
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-$ {: D4 @% A4 u- J+ b
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to1 T8 f4 z* w, k" q
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
. E9 r3 a1 |6 `, P  Rchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and7 p# q; C/ t( e8 M0 D% U! S: l( c
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
' \0 {& R! L/ XThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
2 k$ C; u+ l( d' l% Uearly childhood on pubertal development and final# t5 K" D+ Z& N* m
adult height are not fully known and always remain- W2 h0 C5 i: K; F" b! |
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-. C. a- ?8 z* k
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some( O  H. S2 [& @* S* z; h
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
$ q; w+ @: I# m2 i( ccessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
% a" ]  `! a7 n6 P. Q3 o# X4 vdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
& W* O1 j$ U0 N7 W: A+ E$ O% e3 cThere are conflicting reports and controversy
8 _' Z" T. A- s! [7 sover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
9 v# w7 W3 H0 S4 ^penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
: J0 d+ v% E( i) y- j( P" `adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-1 E$ u0 m2 u1 x/ \
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,4 x( V7 O8 e7 v! S$ Z- P9 a
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
5 Q4 K- ~0 n0 Ychildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
7 X/ V% C" B. [, ^. k. _. t3 xpenile length in clinical studies.1 ]+ ~+ q% K2 B: `
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
9 e+ j& ]% ~$ x9 I2 [) u. ~going to experience any of the untoward effects from
% _3 D/ O0 W, a  L7 Z* C0 mtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
/ K1 E$ N, X  I$ W; [the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
( v0 a9 X& P4 K4 d8 OAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of+ l& }$ m! _. z
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
3 K6 T/ |7 n3 z. G$ r3 q8 \# dthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
3 h9 l/ }) Q$ ~6 Nheight will not be affected.8 k" f; \/ H9 p- A  f
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-' M- j2 z. L  O* L/ h# s  X0 p0 u
ability of androgen products in our society may+ A; S6 [! |, k0 t
indeed cause more virilization in male or female/ h3 p  u! o( x$ b* I$ E8 b* H
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-! I1 q. ?) l- H, i% r
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
% h' U# t9 u* _1 N$ I# jtioning about the use of a testosterone product or2 S# D* f! l$ D. ?5 u& I; ~$ i4 {
gel should be asked of the family members during
. j5 t6 k# L3 F! |  kthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-0 i8 Z2 a# E; v* x
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-, ~$ G$ K- C/ L4 w; A: ]1 g8 _
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
) `. w! Q" T* D8 qappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
4 u5 O- ?, [& K. [6 ~# v% N5 phistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may8 V: Q: B& n# t) s- C
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
# I$ P. x# O8 E9 Zinvestigation. The primary care physician should be' ^( \6 H" u  w# F# C
aware of this fact, because most of these children
+ s& G# v0 T- u+ }7 Hmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’, L( `* \4 f$ P- a+ r9 }
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
( b. K* Y+ A6 d# R1 ~7 i9 uwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or; C, c( U4 z* ~# `0 O- t
female child who might come in contact with some-& N1 j& u" ?& }) y0 ^4 x& a! E' V
one using any of these products.
0 \* V0 J% S9 x2 fReferences  A2 Y& Q/ s& s" {& H) s
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
) D( ~! t/ w# i+ `6 V* r2 uand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric* A& J2 U1 K5 j  F  G5 j3 g
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;) l% a; V9 N* W# e' x) y
2002: 565-628.
9 \* O+ [7 f1 D5 y3 ], {! H" N2 {$ r2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
' u0 @! E# H9 S8 Mpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
7 B7 x# q3 B' ~6 y
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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