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is a significant concern for physicians. Central' G% m; X8 `5 W% B( X
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
4 F4 s0 S: o! d3 vthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has3 B+ W# Y  p, `- l# Z+ e% L
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system- p' z6 Q& E$ W# }+ s/ {* ]4 N8 @
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
; E1 K' I- ~) V, p" t( ^/ @3 Bby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
" h  R; i' ?3 {0 Q1 S" T/ jhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-" G5 o6 z' Z6 m: w% E
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We$ q( b! d" S3 S( x0 `. W
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
4 d, Z8 p" q- d( O) d% H) Lenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-! z- |0 W0 K" ~! [$ e9 m5 l$ K
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due: C1 K, o$ l2 _  N* O0 ?& \
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
( R2 Z/ n6 M7 [2 Ethe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
  j' L8 r& j& M: O. p' Cmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
  f/ {: o1 U2 k: @1 ?  mchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of6 z' d5 b8 H7 z. n; u
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-. g0 s7 D6 V! N# f' {: G; z
bly more common than the rare case report in the
. o/ |4 r+ J" o! pliterature.4
3 R7 f& s+ U( N$ S2 c( a! e0 YPatient Report
( y. d( \! j8 z' Y; p" hA 16-month-old white child was referred to the5 g: L: p2 ^+ g! K  f% L
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
* E5 g9 i. ?& fof early sexual development. His mother noticed
- @3 r) Y/ u/ w$ @9 @light colored pubic hair development when he was
( d+ W6 @4 h' `3 sFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
, Q: X( P3 K; ~South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.9 P1 [5 R/ L0 o
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
: f% o% J# ^% D" JProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
6 B5 q6 E! X4 @3 O, v& MMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
. f: t. @: s2 ze-mail: [email protected].
0 Q2 T' v) _3 U( z- }/ |about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became; S4 @, ]! b' q) ?
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
  J  E# {+ e4 b0 [" cment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
) V5 c5 E+ J# c# d6 S+ h' n6 jwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
. N( ]5 b  O4 C6 [! x1 ^" Ra birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
7 }8 A: X* h& x4 E20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year/ Y0 N8 X& f& t4 i- J' w3 K6 {1 n
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with: k' {7 L" k! ~. ]
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,5 z# \7 E( k8 I1 a$ n) \1 ?
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
* ~$ M4 r& [6 \8 [+ b& Ywas age appropriate.1 q% @+ L/ W6 f" _: i0 q3 d, Q
The family history was remarkable for the father,+ h2 I: |' y# v& v! X% Y+ K9 O' T
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
7 M( k0 e% a! U. C! |' Owhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s% h) e1 |8 \8 o, F' M4 u
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat: H7 ~* G8 H& n5 i* i% p- G' }
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
& p- K: _1 F3 M! s4 c) M$ hThe father denied taking any other medication. The
! a% N8 ~0 M0 T0 T% S, _- q/ l$ cchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
8 s4 h2 Z. V% Q* n8 Cwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
) g- n! A! h1 c( _) |1 i. F5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
( Q% z" d1 ^+ S, f5 dcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
5 j. l: o2 H/ O$ D8 T7 A1 s: }4 `tives. There were no siblings.
: s! u8 \5 O: U6 e/ Q4 MPhysical Examination* R( z1 ]+ v$ r0 E( W
The physical examination revealed a very active,
; o4 D5 d: }" k' cplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
' g, v% N" Y% c6 L' pa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was# n' R$ P/ s9 M" K
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg! N' s; x+ D/ ?; i3 N
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth& {  \( B0 V" f9 F$ Y
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
% c- r% B* l& x) K  C2 n7 B! Ithe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.% w7 b; C0 w& e2 q7 a% j
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
" H" L" i* N6 B9 menlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
4 Q+ O& T1 l; z/ c) X4 R8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
) `9 X0 I! P$ {developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around9 t) l: r4 V* `2 B2 X
540, ?, h7 |3 o: _
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from! @: y6 E# x+ m  L: u* g2 h) H
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
- L- J! r* ^- d4 G' mtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.1 _: W/ u  ^  `6 ?1 ~* P
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat* L4 I! b0 H) Y. p& J+ e( P+ F1 C
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no; @* |4 K6 p8 H9 F7 i
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
1 z) |  A1 N, v& lNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+3 A, N% X9 T3 r5 |+ r
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
) ?# Z: h- M4 N3 R5 Hof papilledema.
, Q  H9 m: N" _- @$ @8 h3 H8 e: J& BLaboratory Evaluation0 j$ r& U: R- Q& m/ B
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
4 S8 w. t7 ?3 Q' Busing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
" E( G: M8 N6 Z" Blogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
; J) v# Z* y, akaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
2 v* @- b* j9 H8 h# @showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
9 M) T; z+ I- j# Y6 xlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).  w5 H' A2 A! M- i- R5 n
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood3 l9 [+ B4 G6 s& u# L
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were3 x: {8 A  \4 i
within normal range for his age. The concentration
9 t2 ]5 W8 r  D7 gof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL0 z1 p5 \5 K; b+ X
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
9 v' _) V+ E3 Z/ [ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
# u" U7 b. R3 W# J% i- V& ~% jterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
1 J; x3 j, c: h) Bdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
) m( a3 n6 R) e49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
. [4 `6 U0 J$ v5 n: h: Fwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-4 W( {3 {5 l7 h6 I- v
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total: w; N! g! N; f" S
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
& L% g! R! j' k$ Y; P, _% ]and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than9 _% Q9 ]- g" E5 L
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular% d: g$ }: D, N8 r1 u
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone2 a7 T  r6 J0 y
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL+ m4 z+ O5 C% y- B
(prepubertal).
5 |6 X4 |. K* x- F$ k. d- i  |) u0 ~9 qThe parents were notified about the laboratory
6 M/ j! {0 o( {results and were informed that all of the tests were
$ _" n, n# p% T0 g# f$ \- _9 Fnormal except the testosterone level was high. The/ V& u" ]* T' u+ e
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
. P: k4 G, k2 h3 w9 e' @obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
- s! I& N" C; a# Q+ qever, the family did not return for 4 months.
3 v% k3 j7 F  \$ @5 c* ]- F2 kPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
8 H% K" d, \5 Echild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
5 U- {# B7 ?" v8 `& M3 _. h2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained0 t/ h  |$ W' {, }  x+ \" I+ i! |
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
( A5 l3 }# t+ N2 Z3 ^. cpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
8 d4 W$ |5 a+ @4 W1 fthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
5 K  L- G7 }) Y7 L. ~mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
4 r; X& y+ i; V1 B( FThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
1 o6 L3 c; V& [6 ]' k+ S' uing frequent erections.
  A) g7 \  J- G  x* R2 QBoth parents were again questioned about use of
1 q- {( _' d* _9 t/ V' M5 k' o2 Eany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
: z& k2 n4 I  R0 _the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
9 G4 I6 k/ I/ QTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
6 F% I& Y, _7 H% [$ c/ wuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
' S* P$ F, W- r0 l! ving over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for" @# a2 h' m: V" W( D
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
( N1 n( f9 \' y" w$ `6 U$ tto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
* R& o# b- [0 O9 ^' ?. _6 E9 [$ L+ Bscribed by his family physician for decreased libido) i. }, \( ~5 n  Y! Y
secondary to depression.
& o( o8 {5 V/ p  q2 }4 U4 VThe child slept in the same bed with parents.1 r: [8 f9 V( |$ d$ B0 |
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his! V; X" ~6 V% ~* A" n# ]7 w; l
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-1 s# \' S, `8 m  q4 P3 j
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
1 b4 a( I$ E% t, ~. XThe father also admitted that after the phone call,( D" l0 l8 w7 `) ~
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby; C7 d- |1 c9 I9 d: W; Z
was high, he then read the product information0 a# d! A+ ^! z9 T
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-% X* h2 ?& r) ~- N% S8 r
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they: j; G8 Z0 R! s, I. D/ [
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
2 r7 m, l5 `/ S/ Q, ~father was not hugging him with bare skin and had1 S3 T$ t: S# Q' o
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone; l. [/ C' |/ i0 W5 J2 x- K* H& T
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the6 l3 f' D1 H- q
laboratory to obtain the test.
4 }( n9 y! S% L& e7 V7 {5 E9 ~Discussion
$ U2 T0 y2 @/ P( IPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
2 u. j& C9 i8 O# _# isexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
: f" J, l/ ~' q" zPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
& }6 }: g, N* x' I; F2 `, {! L% D' fit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
4 r' f1 N5 y, q2 {1 w' }thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
2 z  T6 o' g. ^% ~mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP; d) I/ K* o( ^* `
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
: T# Q8 t0 w3 Z* ]: Gresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
1 H, ]7 P: ]" @  p: F$ V" F/ Z* vamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-4 H0 R: p1 F5 U8 h  Q+ s1 w% b! j
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in" {. b$ K- o4 m: n0 ]9 }
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-$ c# E3 h: R2 C! S4 Y
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-. F: v% \( r( O- s7 h3 c* ^
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by/ k7 n. t2 J' [8 u
gonadotropins.1,3
" Y( Y4 ~: W- `, |9 r9 T5 m, OGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-) B$ a$ c; e( J$ L. i. c
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
, W; G% }  m5 C: _9 v3 Gandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or6 `! @3 s8 M; ?/ y; q; m
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-& Y: ?# R. a* T) H' x
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
- O: r) m6 \# L; o5 w- Icongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
- m. u) u: @- `: P- w/ Vadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious+ X9 l) q# h% L+ i" k
puberty in boys.3,48 j; c; }9 R- O4 g- a* {
The most common form of congenital adrenal1 D) ]9 r4 @: V( f/ g
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
& q* ^) G, R) v7 J9 P1 X7 @The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in' I, e2 _, n# U% M8 G1 e
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
& J2 y. X+ O5 |- T# K! ?: w6 Nan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
5 N3 n, I1 W% f- U' Aexcess.1,3
9 C0 X- W5 f1 Bat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
9 F+ W  Y# A0 [542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
, E& \- R* N" dA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
& C& f8 L0 Z3 Hindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
0 _: I' J: T" A/ R! {& x7 Uas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
, E" S# @' J3 t; ~$ }' H( t7 r1 k% yvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
, c% H! ]8 N) K0 @  nwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
7 Q0 d/ j, G. Q+ e! K, Jincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
  d3 \  d4 A0 Swith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
9 [" i$ P& h& {' Z8 G% y5 Fare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show4 H) n5 u/ j, w6 [
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-: u& M) ~5 r( y
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked- H5 @8 P8 _/ |9 E0 ?% @8 ^2 l, e- F3 P
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only7 D% g' L- F% _( J' V7 r9 L
males; therefore, other male members of the family0 l: Q5 D1 K. ?& e+ t
may have similar precocious puberty.3
* L! l) u) k/ S, d& a5 LIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
5 b# [' I6 B1 }& Ssistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-5 k- R6 w: Z& R6 m- w( R! ~
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis' v2 D* d2 ?- E* p5 n7 ^7 ?
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
1 f1 \7 P) k. [4 O+ I7 zstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
8 }8 Z* e: J$ N. qtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
! z* V. \0 G5 D5 D1 }) Jbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-7 e% Z# c% D* r$ Q- G- N9 G. p
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our$ z" b3 f) C: V( M  y: M
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
* ]8 a7 f( O7 y( A3 C# Deither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase. S1 x9 S8 D7 {0 n3 M& J0 J# ~2 r
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
  @2 O9 s& i* _7 q0 s+ v% [ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.. X0 `3 `) A$ w  }/ G( E  K
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly  E% r6 z5 s8 p) B6 O
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
' ?2 ^8 t7 R4 P8 v. j& Y* r2 zthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-1 P& e7 A! o; S' k0 Z5 l6 V
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and" t5 k* D' {% m) D( r' d  |
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-$ B. v2 U5 x2 Q3 T
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
; u0 D! J9 D- p) |. J% }4 fusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’  o! h9 \) v3 v3 n- I6 E9 ~% z6 ~
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or+ _# H$ n. g# _/ ]$ h& b5 }8 L. o4 f
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
: {- b5 p) r8 Q) A4 h) x% X1 \" n" {unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
) g6 m; L: N- I+ C2 G# G3 h4 g: ~Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the5 [+ E& x" G- N8 l* ?
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
7 v0 q3 d- {9 w* }! U. I/ P+ Ueven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male3 `! k% J, ~. `* {
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-7 E, [( z, b) z9 l
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.2 M2 `. A3 Z8 @5 k* B( T
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
/ [  t" b/ V$ a$ Z8 P  @1 j+ ^which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that' U  I! M2 R: \+ X' A* y
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-* T/ z& p8 w/ K* G8 D+ l& Z
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
. j3 S; _; n2 M9 t$ Q+ p1 jactive in young children exposed to testosterone  i  K; j7 s. h# F, T3 X& M
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
& A6 e  H, f- Z6 P2 Hdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
6 f% ~6 i4 R1 m- n% e8 }9 Avirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
( l7 h$ h. w0 n9 X8 ichildren results in an increase in growth velocity and- |- K& q, G& r
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
2 p# R1 G9 t: [# w' ?The long-term effect of androgen exposure during" s" f9 r  g& n
early childhood on pubertal development and final
$ x6 ?2 T. z0 Oadult height are not fully known and always remain+ J+ l2 a1 Z: p9 ^5 n
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-( G; d6 t, ~" ]( S
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some8 D" Z$ O, J% o6 O3 u& }; s
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after  i* d. m( `, I7 R: A
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
: C5 ]$ s4 g- ?6 qdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,92 @. ]7 V' v+ K7 A% |: n
There are conflicting reports and controversy& y( x; h- R/ T1 r( m- r) e2 u
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
% K0 h2 l6 u$ L9 H+ Zpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal0 l) [' v- ]' x- }) t! o/ [& W
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-8 H2 ^7 r# w5 k! Z7 ^
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,, }0 r+ ], W+ F: u- W" K( o
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between! p' y) E4 q  _+ X  M$ X
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult$ w+ A. Z* ~$ ~: ?
penile length in clinical studies.
9 S7 S+ d. F7 r& X2 pNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is& a* i3 _( x8 I( G7 R4 ^
going to experience any of the untoward effects from# k' W4 {3 L7 g: Y; ^5 S
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because) ?- B) l% ^) Z' @, Y
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
+ V* U7 u( |' x# o! ?0 @& CAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of+ g0 l) m8 g$ K3 A0 E$ }! n) M
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
3 q# H6 M2 H- S5 bthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult+ w0 ]1 D! Y3 `4 x- _) O" r+ U
height will not be affected.) W2 R# }$ L! f0 G% ?$ |1 ?" y
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-% C( O: E) g/ L8 R
ability of androgen products in our society may
; S* E9 F% J# |; T2 p8 k+ F4 Rindeed cause more virilization in male or female
( O. t% M" T3 Y# ^children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
  }! W/ S. F  E6 x4 Fgen products must be considered and specific ques-
& k$ t+ ]( i+ V3 k; s- Rtioning about the use of a testosterone product or6 {8 B- i2 Y$ ^  B; ~2 Y  T! n, U
gel should be asked of the family members during; j- s: y9 a) J$ V( K* X
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-8 S$ X: w3 X8 n1 J: v
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-4 T. ]' H3 m) n8 `/ i) p6 o1 ]
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
  M. X  x1 o* U9 h& a8 Kappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
! M/ Q$ Z+ G" bhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may) Z; C2 o/ G0 V' ^) u3 Q; k$ y
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive: z$ C" x- e& V
investigation. The primary care physician should be% X& ~1 T* K) m* i9 u9 E
aware of this fact, because most of these children1 |( g( N+ _' `' x' N
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
) l! P6 E5 W, L8 qDesk Reference and package insert should also put a' Q- W6 J$ @7 w/ t
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or0 ]! L3 e. \1 ?. k
female child who might come in contact with some-
% |- d" N: U' i2 d% F' a) Qone using any of these products.
; H# \) ^& h0 |# ?0 T3 LReferences
1 U# f6 M+ W+ F8 M6 d1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation* I. u  a0 P3 G
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
0 f* H8 S3 |' h  d( M9 t$ DEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
- _% J# ]! m- L0 U, E4 G2002: 565-628.! h1 k. u. s. i# W
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
0 N) u) H, k# _* v$ ?+ u- Zpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
% T) ?! f* l) v* X8 }" ?at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
  b. r2 G( V6 R2 R6 g3 gTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 543! ]& d% R) R7 |# G# z& ^
areas: organic central precocious puberty. Acta Paediatr., a/ k) q' g  \6 }) b' Z! n2 Z
2001;90:751-756.2 l1 n; E& t9 I) k
3. Lee PA. Puberty and its disorders. In: Lifshitz F, ed.8 F. U9 e/ T* M4 D- e
Pediatric Endocrinology. 4th ed. New York, NY: Marcel
, l9 Y' v5 f" g1 ?4 n( P, kDekker Inc; 2003:211-238.
- e5 K) i" c: U- E2 t$ b1 l+ I4. Yu YM, Punyasavatsu N, Elder D, D’Ercole AJ. Sexual
) _  O. D9 @# P2 |) M% rdevelopment in a two-year-old boy induced by topical) {5 k6 G( B- L! A# T/ i& A# s" `
exposure to testosterone. Pediatrics. 1999;104:e23.
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發表於 2025-1-5 09:19:02 | 顯示全部樓層
看起来不错啊,继续欣赏看看
發表於 2025-1-29 20:38:58 | 顯示全部樓層
感谢楼主无私分享
發表於 2025-1-29 21:12:48 | 顯示全部樓層
喜闻乐见  看看看看看
發表於 2025-1-29 22:19:07 | 顯示全部樓層
跟真的人真的好像
" {! Z/ d# v8 d, c$ }
發表於 2025-3-5 16:58:25 | 顯示全部樓層
seems interesting ...thanks for sharing
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